tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14303110749203310652024-03-17T13:35:49.970+00:00Sacred Wrightingstheology | church | the Christian lifeTerry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.comBlogger338125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-40470602131403057682024-03-13T16:12:00.000+00:002024-03-13T16:12:07.125+00:00Thinking Theologically About Children, by Robyn Boeré (Grove Doctrine D11)<p><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoXaVi6EgFT_DoK1nRNbT18RfZn90YQbnj6OfwSFUQE0yRTcIHpDvhhsTSWpwb0mSfFlz3mq0rOfOLdfNdTScimaevLTVrlJEtGxdSntaqqvT07zbxtSJkc0ZVHvkqKXKvuFamYRyD0gCetajHjtUrOKHeJ5FQi96Uyn6hT1pPQRKf12LMsvoDPdYkRY/s1654/D11_frontpage.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="1170" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBoXaVi6EgFT_DoK1nRNbT18RfZn90YQbnj6OfwSFUQE0yRTcIHpDvhhsTSWpwb0mSfFlz3mq0rOfOLdfNdTScimaevLTVrlJEtGxdSntaqqvT07zbxtSJkc0ZVHvkqKXKvuFamYRyD0gCetajHjtUrOKHeJ5FQi96Uyn6hT1pPQRKf12LMsvoDPdYkRY/w141-h200/D11_frontpage.png" width="141" /></a></div>Robyn Boeré, <i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/product/d-11-thinking-theologically-about-children/" target="_blank">Thinking Theologically About Children</a></i>. Grove
Doctrine D11 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2024)<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/series/doctrine/" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Children are made in God’s image, but all too often the body of
Christ does not know what this means or looks like in practice. There is a lack
of theological reflection on who the child is and on what the child offers,
especially in terms of Christian discipleship. ‘In churches’, <a href="https://www.tf.uio.no/english/people/aca/robynb/" target="_blank">Robyn Boeré</a> observes,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">children are excluded from places of power and decision-making,
and often from the most liturgically important parts of our church services.
They are part of <i>Messy Church</i> or Sunday school in some other space,
while adults reside in the sanctuary. As a consequence, churches disregard and
dismiss children’s value, spiritual development, insights, knowledge and moral
agency. As in broader society, children in churches are often treated merely in
terms of care, protection and formation or education. Of course, these things
are important, but they miss what children can offer to everyone in who they
are as children (p. 4). </span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These last two words—<i>as children</i>—are important because even
though childhood is an early stage in human development, it has much to say
about what it means to be human and, indeed, children of God. Boeré contends, ‘We
can only understand human childhood properly in light of what it means to be
children of God, and we can only understand what it means to be children of God
through human childhood’ (p. 6). In the Bible, and in the New Testament especially,
children are presented as models of discipleship adults would do well to
consider for themselves, and Boeré uses the ideas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rahner" target="_blank">Karl Rahner</a> and <a href="https://divinity.yale.edu/faculty-and-research/yds-faculty/kathryn-tanner" target="_blank">Kathryn Tanner</a> to tease out the implications.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/product/d-11-thinking-theologically-about-children/" target="_blank">Thinking Theologically About Children</a></i> is
available for £4.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books</a> website (in both print and electronic
formats), as well as through Christian bookshops.Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-50500208052685030802023-09-01T10:10:00.010+01:002023-09-01T13:15:23.559+01:00Book Review: Confounding the Mighty, edited by Luke Larner<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnI9pFQnNX-ShYtHH_URx9qddXIHO5XbZly065d-b8I_VsgKeBqLlgalPUbdm6klpopCy61SPk5lXxyg_TxJSzAfbFameyWrDOMFPHDfm-1pRobeYzlNnC-oinupZ73cGkjvXoOwFTZLKuUQuVd8-XhyP14_7hoWjzkw15ts09Ja-svKM-b3XRdzgxGo/s1024/322088_confounding%20the%20mighty%20(2)1024_1_20230516134405376.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="638" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTnI9pFQnNX-ShYtHH_URx9qddXIHO5XbZly065d-b8I_VsgKeBqLlgalPUbdm6klpopCy61SPk5lXxyg_TxJSzAfbFameyWrDOMFPHDfm-1pRobeYzlNnC-oinupZ73cGkjvXoOwFTZLKuUQuVd8-XhyP14_7hoWjzkw15ts09Ja-svKM-b3XRdzgxGo/s320/322088_confounding%20the%20mighty%20(2)1024_1_20230516134405376.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><a href="https://scmpress.hymnsam.co.uk/books/9780334063575/confounding-the-mighty" target="_blank"><i>Confounding the Mighty: Stories of Church,
Social Class and Solidarity</i></a>, edited by Luke Larner (London: SCM Press, 2023)<p></p><p>‘<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22007058" target="_blank">Class</a>’, as I presently understand it, is a social category primarily
addressing the human person’s economic standing, both perceived and actual,
within given communities and cultures even as that standing necessarily
intersects with other identifiers such as ‘race’, ethnicity, sex, gender, and
religion. Other factors also contribute to class: family, housing, education,
healthcare, leisure pursuits, and geographical location, for example, all
coincide to shape a person within a community and how that person embodies that
community’s attending, often stereotyped, culture – and vice versa, with the
community and its resources determining the available options and thus choices
its constituents can make. This unveils a mutually reinforcing dynamic at play
within class. While people are ascribed value according to whichever class they
‘belong’ to, the value they are ascribed as part of a particular community determines
both the level and the quality of socio-economic attention they and their
community receive from government, local authorities, and other institutions. People
regarded as being of a ‘higher’ (and therefore ‘better’) class have access to
resources denied to the majority of the people said to occupy the classes
beneath them; resources which, however nobly utilised, nonetheless maintain the
status quo when deployed. Thus class is hierarchical, almost inevitably
ideological, and irreducibly complex.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGgwZFj-DtZsIlwfEMqjyLqwuRCuEQAX-8q5Th5NHURmwX8uqNmpJ6xY-BTTBf9y-AdOk9mEftCQQv0ia2xDcSl5V2JVFtilZ-P4jBuN_CDKCy2CwbMYxd3baP7H1auN-Q_HN7nldkK91Pby7iyGOboOusYvVxcL79a5XL2jJeIZUTIZbFm6vLocWksWM/s645/article-2303333-19128784000005DC-960_472x645.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="472" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGgwZFj-DtZsIlwfEMqjyLqwuRCuEQAX-8q5Th5NHURmwX8uqNmpJ6xY-BTTBf9y-AdOk9mEftCQQv0ia2xDcSl5V2JVFtilZ-P4jBuN_CDKCy2CwbMYxd3baP7H1auN-Q_HN7nldkK91Pby7iyGOboOusYvVxcL79a5XL2jJeIZUTIZbFm6vLocWksWM/w234-h320/article-2303333-19128784000005DC-960_472x645.jpg" width="234" /></a></div>Even my most casual, least observant reader will have noticed
that, apart from including the requisite bibliographical details, I am yet to
mention the book purportedly under scrutiny – namely, <i><a href="https://scmpress.hymnsam.co.uk/books/9780334063575/confounding-the-mighty" target="_blank">Confounding the Mighty: Stories of Church, Social Class and Solidarity</a></i>. Using a review as a
guise to smuggle one’s own thoughts on any given topic through customs is
undoubtedly poor form, but there is, I hope, an acceptable reason to humour me.
In recent months, I have begun to realise more clinically, more <i>cynically</i>,
how <i>my</i> class (according to <i>my</i> understanding) has <a href="https://sacredwrightings.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-experiences-and-psychology-behind.html" target="_blank">shaped me and my dealings</a> with other people. On the basis of my education and household income,
I am (lower?) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class" target="_blank">middle class</a>. But I claim (white) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class" target="_blank">working-class</a>, even
‘<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underclass" target="_blank">underclass</a>’, heritage and keenly feel the dissonance between <i>then</i> and <i>now</i>,
not least because I cannot discern whether, according to sociological
classifications, I am truly (lower?) middle class or actually part of the
so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precariat" target="_blank">precariat</a>. Self-employment, working-class roots, and daily
involvement in traditionally higher-class environments (academia; the Church
of England) make for a cocktail with a lingering, not entirely pleasant,
aftertaste. As one of the contributors to <i>Confounding the Mighty</i>, Ruth
Harley, puts it, ‘ “I speak ‘middle-class’ . . . but it is not, and never will
be, my mother tongue”’ (p. 23).<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIKb3hhDvD_j7KFNDPUbG--Osfoe0L4bWie-IGolvdSITmVJDI1dGqR3tZQp0WbEvk7eogS8sHFrJTePzxcHIM3RzTLyqry2HdODDdNGJcf5CAYJgJfrZU6cijtMwZpVBDEYrfw44WJEap4SDC6jQCq7STX_SUrX11mq0KQ0GV4syoJAXxgHTHz--SFHw/s640/13143739273_eb415870bc_z.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="622" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIKb3hhDvD_j7KFNDPUbG--Osfoe0L4bWie-IGolvdSITmVJDI1dGqR3tZQp0WbEvk7eogS8sHFrJTePzxcHIM3RzTLyqry2HdODDdNGJcf5CAYJgJfrZU6cijtMwZpVBDEYrfw44WJEap4SDC6jQCq7STX_SUrX11mq0KQ0GV4syoJAXxgHTHz--SFHw/w194-h200/13143739273_eb415870bc_z.jpg" width="194" /></a></div>I will admit to some disappointment when I saw that none of the
essayists in <i>Confounding the Mighty</i> claims anything other than a
working-class background. When I first set eyes on the title, I had presumed, self-righteously
had <i>hoped</i>, that while the book would be worthy, all the chapters were
likely to have been written by people from the middle (or higher) classes, church
ministers or charity workers with pasts in public schools and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge" target="_blank">Oxbridge</a>, ecclesiastical
pioneers (a loaded word) carefully selected to machete their way through cables
and wiring to penetrate Britain’s concrete jungles. Thankfully, I was wrong.
The contributors are wary of imposing ‘outside’ missiological strategies on
communities that best know themselves; some <i>are</i> Oxbridge educated,
though not through birthright; and still others look fondly – a tad nostalgically,
perhaps – on their formative years in (shall we say?) traditional (white?)
working-class communities. <i>Confounding the Mighty</i> is most definitely a
worthy book, not because it is a repository of good, practicable ideas or a trove
of sharp analysis (though it is both of these in places), but because its
content rings true and has good and true things to say.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivfM-zAho8baCfj123l0KDkbrF0lrHC7eBDCp2NPfeOASfIdS3s-5O1YU6_QkJUw1dAGWtuBXFSGV0rGCDZVVrXOLlE6Yy-xzw1Fiw-_x4p_xICxFTArOJ6kS_FuJoDiUlvM9lRT3Y6qWLuB0KoWAX4yJwQ1VCkut70a2jNGgJ8uLVeKQQRg1AKXPplVc/s440/Luke%20Larner.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="440" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivfM-zAho8baCfj123l0KDkbrF0lrHC7eBDCp2NPfeOASfIdS3s-5O1YU6_QkJUw1dAGWtuBXFSGV0rGCDZVVrXOLlE6Yy-xzw1Fiw-_x4p_xICxFTArOJ6kS_FuJoDiUlvM9lRT3Y6qWLuB0KoWAX4yJwQ1VCkut70a2jNGgJ8uLVeKQQRg1AKXPplVc/w200-h200/Luke%20Larner.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>And what is its content? <a href="https://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-anthony-g.-reddie" target="_blank">Anthony Reddie</a>’s foreword quickly passes
into two chapters by the editor, the first a largely autobiographical prelude,
the second a call to counter the ‘feckless [i.e., ineffective, useless] faith’ he
first mentions in the prelude. Charting his life experiences to date, <a href="https://www.rcc.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/luke-larner" target="_blank">Luke Larner</a>
recognises a need ‘to learn how to build solidarity and join others in
organizing for justice’ (p. xix); indeed, he argues that ‘the struggle for
solidarity and justice <i>is at the heart of the mission of God</i>’ (p. xx,
emphasis original), and failure to acknowledge ‘this drive towards solidarity
and justice’ regarding class issues amounts to ‘feckless faith’ (p. xx).
Larner’s prelude successfully sets the tone for the rest of the book. His
chapter on ‘feckless faith’ explores the conceptuality underlying class
distinctions and why these distinctions are pernicious for everybody, including
the people who recline atop the class pyramid. Channelling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnificat" target="_blank">the Magnificat</a> (and
especially Luke 1:52), Larner envisions a society in which ‘the casting down of
some and the lifting up of others allows for the possibility of meeting in the
middle’ (p. 11). Yes, absolutely; but in a publication so mindful of unjust
social stratifications, I read this as expressing not simply a desire for
equality but almost – almost! – as a call to middle-class existence. I am sure
my reading is wrong here; I <i>hope</i> my reading is wrong here.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzK8OiDOW9oHTC501Zz2-g9lakO8E0xiCM78jehZV7WrnTgpsa419vxyLXA3O_XQgRVugklYdAR0-hdb09TxVMxm8M8hJP_v1sKXLZfPhJTTjiyEcHRFPnscPxCW6qbPG6rFjRwenR4GJWlOezIQ2tOugnYxXPkblIkC1fsuD39cS6fRPrLLb2_cfDYTo/s200/Ruth%20Harley.webp" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzK8OiDOW9oHTC501Zz2-g9lakO8E0xiCM78jehZV7WrnTgpsa419vxyLXA3O_XQgRVugklYdAR0-hdb09TxVMxm8M8hJP_v1sKXLZfPhJTTjiyEcHRFPnscPxCW6qbPG6rFjRwenR4GJWlOezIQ2tOugnYxXPkblIkC1fsuD39cS6fRPrLLb2_cfDYTo/s1600/Ruth%20Harley.webp" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://becausegodislove.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Ruth Harley</a> tackles the attitudes that depict working-class
communities as places of need and dearth and thus as something to escape from,
primarily by pursuing a good education. But this narrative champions
individualism and neglects the good within these communities, including and
especially the good God’s grace and abundance brings. Harley queries the logic
of social mobility, for this ‘rests on an assumption of scarcity and
competition’, whereas the solidarity she favours ‘rests on an assumption of
collaboration’ (p. 34). She sees Pauline ecclesiology as a model for true solidarity,
for ‘Paul’s emphasis on mutuality and interdependence within a diverse body
[acts] as a strong corrective to individualism’ (p. 32). Much of Harley’s
chapter engages with the ideas and feelings generated by social dislocation, and
it was not too difficult for me to connect her observations to my own
educational background. But whereas for Harley, education was spread as the
tarmac on freedom’s road, a way to ‘get out’, leaving home and going to
university was less aspirational for me. It was just something to do.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49DCIIb8isaUQ46B8uBUvM04cOJF6z9BtKFq-HvHlEx_lUITzMGeXw4Vgi9LyTz5VUsAVXdYGajIvk2XiVdOi0IZPsHmcb0PwqfpWzhdLkTQIUVmdMzgv-eb8ybDBYuG-ZE90MWSkmV8wpn429lQfZpw92tizTpieXjsgdYI-yCtHZNxNMlWRW71YdH0/s369/Rajiv-Photo-Cropped.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="369" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49DCIIb8isaUQ46B8uBUvM04cOJF6z9BtKFq-HvHlEx_lUITzMGeXw4Vgi9LyTz5VUsAVXdYGajIvk2XiVdOi0IZPsHmcb0PwqfpWzhdLkTQIUVmdMzgv-eb8ybDBYuG-ZE90MWSkmV8wpn429lQfZpw92tizTpieXjsgdYI-yCtHZNxNMlWRW71YdH0/w200-h200/Rajiv-Photo-Cropped.png" width="200" /></a></div>In his chapter, <a href="https://www.portseaparish.co.uk/pages/team/" target="_blank">Rajiv Sidhu</a> discusses caste, class, and colour
within a Church of England context. The Church of England admits its need to
work on racial justice, but ‘much of this focuses upon what could be crudely
described as colour-lines: “Black Versus White”’ (p. 39), where ‘Black’
incorporates anyone who is ‘other’ (here, in presumably a racialised sense).
‘But what of the differences within the labels?’ (p. 39); does the Church of
England recognise, for example, the ‘interplay between Brahmanism and fascism
in India and Indian politics’ (p. 40) and how this affects Indian diaspora
communities in Britain? No; for Sidhu, in the Church of England, ‘culture and
identity are brushed into broader criteria that are unable to engage with
differences’ (pp. 40–41): Hello, BAME; greetings, UKME; how’s it goin’, POC? I
found Sidhu’s chapter to be enormously helpful in its analysis, but his
conclusion less so. He writes, ‘When the church truly learns to see Christ
present in all people and active in all the world, then it will find the light
of Christ through whatever darkness it encounters’ (p. 45). Quite so; I agree.
But is that all that can be said?<p></p><p>Katherine Long’s essay looks at the Church of England and
working-class vocations. As I did with Ruth Harley’s chapter, I felt some
resonance here, for I have been through the Church of England’s <a href="https://www.churchofengland.org/life-events/vocations/preparing-ordained-ministry/understanding-discernment" target="_blank">discernment process</a>. Long summarises her master’s dissertation, which looked into how
people from working-class communities experience the discernment process. The
results are, frankly, shocking: assumptions and prejudices abound, all held and
perpetuated by bishops and members of theological education institutes. ‘Most
of the experiences and prejudice,’ Long comments, ‘were unconscious and were
from a deeply ingrained attitude and expectation of who they [presumably the aforementioned
bishops and institutes; Long does not clarify who ‘they’ are] would expect to
be training as a vicar’ (p. 64). I need not comment further on this chapter:
its observations speak for itself, and if I had the power to do so, I would
require <i>everyone</i> involved in the Church of England’s discernment and
selection process – and, indeed, anyone involved in the equivalents of other
Christian denominations – to accept Long’s research, which is truly
eye-opening, capable of both empowering working-class (as well as less-socially
confident) people, and shaming the authorities.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclofo1SXEbZ8nd0MXvN_GTC1yJG6sQmQF4sYDVxdvV--6lT3AY_AxYfcZVCZVS9j_HKEY6stsgt_KbAM8M-5-fPrlV8HUmlF4hDhs4Nsx14r0ft7rBZAuvjPyyKZTLMPj633Wlq2jQwp23Vlrbm3aUun6MwlV1eyx8zxxhWK5svizyRhWCNN6XDB_L8Y/s400/stone-selina315-cropped-230x230.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclofo1SXEbZ8nd0MXvN_GTC1yJG6sQmQF4sYDVxdvV--6lT3AY_AxYfcZVCZVS9j_HKEY6stsgt_KbAM8M-5-fPrlV8HUmlF4hDhs4Nsx14r0ft7rBZAuvjPyyKZTLMPj633Wlq2jQwp23Vlrbm3aUun6MwlV1eyx8zxxhWK5svizyRhWCNN6XDB_L8Y/w200-h200/stone-selina315-cropped-230x230.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/selina-r-stone/" target="_blank">Selina Stone</a> considers how leadership functions in Pentecostal
churches, which are predominantly working class and Black. There are lessons to
be learnt from the Black Pentecostal experience, Stone advises, for the
emphasis in training leaders falls not so much on a candidate’s educational
ability or management skills, but on character and spirituality and the Holy
Spirit’s anointing. Ministerial training, at least in the English experience, remains
ensnared in the webs spun by the capitalism and racism of the Atlantic slave
trade, and ‘learning from the leadership of “the least of these”, exemplified
in this case by early Pentecostals’ (p. 71), can help the Church of England and
other denominations to eschew its classism. After all, Stone muses, ‘who could have
imagined that a group of working-class black people praying to encounter the
Spirit would ignite a spiritual movement that would continue to reverberate
around the world today, and that the son of ex-slaves [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Seymour" target="_blank">William Seymour</a>; p. 76] would
be its leader?’ (p. 79). Stone’s is a particularly elegant contribution to <i>Confounding
the Mighty</i>.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqpjGTIC-hSSz-NQWrPt-fk0yGc82lvRTGbCLdkelf3XIs6ia7Pl0feZ4kxuzeX8robOjuNdRqmHGU8AFJiNOYLlnJl-__er2J_GrTli8oCqq9graOtP_iw3urWmpzdaySdPz_HMVc8DYl_Dq_cVLOWKse4wEGMTW4wUVu93nUhsCA6LtO9w9J1Z0shJQ/s500/Sally-Mann-profile-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqpjGTIC-hSSz-NQWrPt-fk0yGc82lvRTGbCLdkelf3XIs6ia7Pl0feZ4kxuzeX8robOjuNdRqmHGU8AFJiNOYLlnJl-__er2J_GrTli8oCqq9graOtP_iw3urWmpzdaySdPz_HMVc8DYl_Dq_cVLOWKse4wEGMTW4wUVu93nUhsCA6LtO9w9J1Z0shJQ/w200-h200/Sally-Mann-profile-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Traditionally, stereotypically, English (British?; I cannot say)
society has been divided into working-, middle-, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class" target="_blank">upper-class</a> people, but
its ever-changing shape means newer labels are available to categorise people.
Enter the precariat: dwellers of a gig-working world, holders of zero-hour
contracts, people who lunge from one sort of work to another to pay the bills;
the precariat is too diversified to be classified a community. There is also
the <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/salariat" target="_blank">salariat</a>, people who earn a salary through performing ‘<a href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/295446/bullshit-jobs-by-graeber-david/9780141983479" target="_blank">bullshit jobs</a>’
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graeber" target="_blank">David Graeber</a>) with similarly little chance of career progression and
satisfaction. In this context, <a href="https://redletterchristians.org.uk/author/dr-sally-mann/" target="_blank">Sally Mann</a> suggests Christian churches can
become ‘“contrast communities” embodying hope to those caught in the worst
repercussions of the changing class landscape in Britain today’ (p. 85).
Christian churches and communities have ‘the wealth of scriptural visions of <a href="shalom" target="_blank"><i>shalom</i></a>
. . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to reimagine economic justice’ (p.
94). Churches are not just about Sunday worship; they are communities which can
‘articulate the struggles and hopes for identity and meaning and offer
opportunities to work for justice at the local level – whether by providing
volunteering opportunities or through setting up social enterprises and
charities that model other ways to value and define work’ (p. 95). Mann takes
the ‘local level’ seriously; this is where God’s Holy Spirit is noticeably at
work, and she describes some of her own (Baptist) church community’s initiatives
as examples. I also note a comment, almost an aside, perhaps: ‘Some churches
have moved to multi-service patterns to allow for more variation in work
patterns and other commitments, but usually there is the assumption that
“membership” is characterized by being reliably present and available to
participate in the programmes, which are an addition to a person’s “regular”
life’ (pp. 93–94). So many things that happen in a local church are done by the
same regularly attending people precisely because these are people whose
commitments allow them to do things at the designated times. But if both
precariat and salariat are to be included within the life of a local church,
then change must happen, and the implications of what Mann has pinpointed here are
potentially huge. Assuming by ‘multi-service’ Mann means something like ‘many
church services at different times, on different days, to accommodate different
people’, then not only could this mean holding daily services, but it could
also mark the end of publicising home or small groups as the main way, or a
significant way, of doing discipleship, because there is every chance that a
significant proportion of a church’s membership is unable to participate in
such groups due to irregular work commitments. Moreover, holding extra
services, or ‘setting up social enterprises or charities’, requires additional
hands – an opportunity, perhaps, for more people from a variety of backgrounds
to become, in Church of England terms, licensed lay ministers? Or would this be
simply another ‘programme’? The value of Mann’s chapter lies in the questions
it prompts.<p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-DZTeaivgi6qSXKwun9PWEfAudQSp0gFQHPWnq5wE5vAo9EkWvRZ-pzRShcbaPllTXZk_NgpDeDdx1xj7d-5MR2dGTJJErcEFQ9D_-axjzvp1zdgGg1zqelyMiELpjzdUSfdSpcAE9JUcpHewbAKJXPILbw4_BwY-ZpBy2Nyys3JixuQGBw7SF29D-o/s440/Victoria%20Turner.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="440" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-DZTeaivgi6qSXKwun9PWEfAudQSp0gFQHPWnq5wE5vAo9EkWvRZ-pzRShcbaPllTXZk_NgpDeDdx1xj7d-5MR2dGTJJErcEFQ9D_-axjzvp1zdgGg1zqelyMiELpjzdUSfdSpcAE9JUcpHewbAKJXPILbw4_BwY-ZpBy2Nyys3JixuQGBw7SF29D-o/w200-h200/Victoria%20Turner.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><a href="https://www.rcc.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/victoria-turner" target="_blank">Victoria Turner</a> finds inspiration for today’s church in the
founding and development of the <a href="https://iona.org.uk/" target="_blank">Iona Community</a>, which arose from a mission
initially to working-class people in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govan" target="_blank">Govan</a>. While crafting her account of the
Iona Community, Turner scores some very palpable hits about the need for
mission actually to transform the social structures within which and under
which working-class people live; this requires political action and true
solidarity rather than charity and sympathy. She concludes, ‘If we are only <i>protesting
for</i>, and not <i>protesting with</i> the working classes, if we are only <i>doing
to</i> and not <i>organizing with</i> the working classes, we are slipping back
into paternalistic patterns’ (p. 111, emphasis original). I accept this; but
surely protesting <i>with</i> and organising <i>with</i> presuppose and retain
elements of distinction between the helpers and the helped, thus maintaining,
albeit in diminished form, the paternalistic patterns Turner decries. This
makes me wonder how far empathetic action (or activist empathy) actually can or
does equate to true solidarity.<p></p><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmko1FRjGVW-FN8jSiKu1qoJbFPyuHNCGIbvES2NQYoATJZHmrv0J8vQCT5an5ONUEmjlSIZrV1ji8Q_fSswTPCPi-jgVDNlenELIUWfYZtQ4OwdiKaHzx0e0_G_4fBxjNqCY9FlIYbaTo4rbGfhyFfqOMSvFXEmHsMX_ANUlPRe2f8xH7myfO3k7Hp8/s150/Dr-Eve-Parker-150x150.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="150" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmko1FRjGVW-FN8jSiKu1qoJbFPyuHNCGIbvES2NQYoATJZHmrv0J8vQCT5an5ONUEmjlSIZrV1ji8Q_fSswTPCPi-jgVDNlenELIUWfYZtQ4OwdiKaHzx0e0_G_4fBxjNqCY9FlIYbaTo4rbGfhyFfqOMSvFXEmHsMX_ANUlPRe2f8xH7myfO3k7Hp8/w200-h200/Dr-Eve-Parker-150x150.jpg" width="200" /></a></i></div><i>Confounding the Mighty</i>’s penultimate chapter is another
one tackling class and theological education. <a href="https://manchester.academia.edu/EveParker" target="_blank">Eve Parker</a> charges – and with
good reason, too, judging by some of the experiences cited both here and in
Katherine Long’s earlier essay – that theological education institutes fail to
recognise the particular pressures, especially of family commitments and
employment, working-class people experience, pressures which then impact on how
well working-class learners are perceived to be managing their studies. Parker
requires theology courses to incorporate class consciousness teaching and
assesses how the aims and development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Sunday_School" target="_blank">Socialist Sunday School</a> movement
can instruct theological education institutes in this respect. ‘Just as the
Socialist Sunday Schools came about as organized acts of resistance against the
injustices of capitalist greed,’ she writes, ‘today theological education must
become conscious of what it means to educate for formation during a
cost-of-living crisis that is pushing millions more people into poverty, in a
context of soaring levels of wealth inequality, child poverty, austerity and in
a nation where the privileged political elites are choosing to bring about the
collapse of the National Health Service and failing to adequately support
schools, councils and basic services. There is no choice for the working
class,’ she challenges, ‘but to educate, agitate and organize’ (p. 130).<p></p><p>The editor returns to provide a concluding chapter (<a href="https://www.vanderbilt.edu/gdr/people/bio/joerg-rieger" target="_blank">Joerg Rieger</a>
provides a simple afterword) further addressing the need for solidarity and the
Holy Spirit’s active presence. For Luke Larner, the Spirit ensures the
Eucharist demonstrates the incarnate Son’s solidarity with humans, and ours
with the world; the Spirit raises prophets to speak truth to power; and
organised action, where people work together to change society for the better,
is best portrayed as instances of the Spirit’s mission (<i>missio Spiritus</i>).
While solidarity can be expressed in many ways, Larner particularly urges his
readers to fight for fair wages, to join trade unions, and to develop
cooperatives and ‘other democratized structures’ (p. 153). ‘My hope,’ he
explains, ‘is that churches, Christian organizations and Christian people will
allow the Spirit of God and the voices of the prophets to expand our
imagination for what it possible, leading us into movements of greater
solidarity with allies of all faiths and none in the class struggle’ (p. 154).
Certainly this is a hope to cherish, if not actually to promote and implement.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPqKmCeYY5NqdpCth55Eb0RulJYHZb0IiQMgQv6MGUS_i3VAv-Y5b6qN9V2slN8ao7YKhtcLLAhk_XFNkZk8JTVJr79Ge6cdE88PzCLa-eNx-RkJOg5Sk4pgxoN6wG_Np-GaOyzvAe_SIyvoTCv5aaxbw5yQDtUtGCfK1vHbrWMyPMXrKk-rqqkh0gMo/s1702/299199_oung%20woke%20christian.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1702" data-original-width="1122" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPqKmCeYY5NqdpCth55Eb0RulJYHZb0IiQMgQv6MGUS_i3VAv-Y5b6qN9V2slN8ao7YKhtcLLAhk_XFNkZk8JTVJr79Ge6cdE88PzCLa-eNx-RkJOg5Sk4pgxoN6wG_Np-GaOyzvAe_SIyvoTCv5aaxbw5yQDtUtGCfK1vHbrWMyPMXrKk-rqqkh0gMo/s320/299199_oung%20woke%20christian.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>The strengths of <i>Confounding the Mighty</i> are many, and I
commend the book unreservedly, especially to church ministers, church workers,
and anyone seeking to become one or the other. I should like to have seen
chapters on how churches (could) address class and LGBTQIA+ matters, class and housing,
class and health (including nutrition), class and ableism, and class and
climate change; but it is quite possible to formulate a take on these by
extrapolating from the discussions already included, or by reading Victoria
Turner’s edited volume <i><a href="https://scmpress.hymnsam.co.uk/books/9780334061533/young-woke-and-christian" target="_blank">Young, Woke and Christian</a></i> (SCM Press, 2022) as a accompaniment
to this one. And while not each of its contributors is Anglican, <i>Confounding
the Mighty</i> has a very ‘Church of England’ feel; but again, readers from the
spectrum of denominations should be able to plant its seeds into the soil of
their own traditions with just a little spadework.<p></p><p>There are, however, two further comments I wish to make, and both
relate to more conventional doctrinal loci. First, I should like to ask how the
authors conceive of sin. Of course, the whole book, in its pursuit of class
justice, is about sin, confronting sin, and doing away with sin. But when sin qua
sin is mentioned or implied, my overwhelming impression is that only
structural, systemic sin is a problem for the authors. I am likely wrong here,
but, putting it bluntly (and perhaps a little pietistically), I just cannot see
how structural sin can be overcome without also addressing the individual sins
each of us, no matter our class, commits daily, sins which often consolidate
the harms class distinctions inflict on so many. By focussing on communities
and the class dynamics shaping them, do the authors neglect the reality that
communities are constituted by particular, fallen, sinful people who both uphold
and are held down by structural sin?</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWR0aNLpx3XkosnpYbwt4z1J1oybYpNouySfje7FMGq0z-1VGuWdMo9I0U79CqHT9RyPoV0JtQyL6PZrjLfhnidi-5NmdwOJ1MJAY3hfh86Uu6EngccVr6gSWUVs-JD26UD6z9kGVNrwLmiLleljOj62PONvayiDoxVdkE5dHurou5aV28y7uDatfERR0/s400/magnificat_radical.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="https://frejsa10.wordpress.com/2010/12/24/marys-magnificat-christmas-eve-meditation/" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="252" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWR0aNLpx3XkosnpYbwt4z1J1oybYpNouySfje7FMGq0z-1VGuWdMo9I0U79CqHT9RyPoV0JtQyL6PZrjLfhnidi-5NmdwOJ1MJAY3hfh86Uu6EngccVr6gSWUVs-JD26UD6z9kGVNrwLmiLleljOj62PONvayiDoxVdkE5dHurou5aV28y7uDatfERR0/w202-h320/magnificat_radical.jpg" width="202" /></a></div>My second comment is
related but concerns the place of Christian eschatology in the fight for class justice. I note <i>Confounding the Mighty</i> does not include any
chapters by theologians or activists who would claim middle- or even
upper-class heritage. The book’s focus is undoubtedly on establishing class
justice for working-class people. But this gives the book an agenda – an agenda
I approve of, lest I be misunderstood – that makes a manifesto of its reflections
and stories. This is no bad thing, of course, but <i>Confounding the Mighty</i>
is too-strongly flavoured with politically left-tasting spices for my palate
(again, lest misunderstanding take root and flourish, I do <i>not</i> consider
myself to be on the political right; if anything, I am centre-left), and this
raises my question about eschatology: What is the fight for class justice
hoping to achieve, <i>ultimately</i>? Notwithstanding that the gospel message
of Jesus Christ and New Testament teachings entail, I believe, caring and
fighting for the rights of the defenceless, speaking truth to power, discerning
where God’s Spirit is at work at the local level, and so on; notwithstanding
these things, many of the chapters in this book ostensibly imagine the church striving
for and even expecting an inevitable this-worldly utopia rather than anticipating
and awaiting God’s eschatological kingdom (or ‘kin-dom’, as Ruth Harley prefers;
pp. 26, 36n2). These ideals are principled and praiseworthy, to be sure; but
perhaps they also suggest a sort of social progressivism that sin, both
structural <i>and personal</i>, surely renders implausible. Even if current
visions of class justice come to fruition, classism itself will surely mutate
into a new form of injustice and have its time. Luke Larner perhaps appears to
acknowledge something like this, because in his concluding chapter, he
recognises that socially just practices, while ‘a <i>means</i> to achieve
change’ (p. 155, emphasis original), are limited in what they can do, even
though they do ‘win short-term justice gains for the working classes’ and ‘create
spaces to build intersectional solidarity between the labouring classes’ to ‘win
justice’ and ‘cultivate’ hope (p. 155). Is there a hint of resignation here?
Regardless, Larner calls for ‘a revolution of solidarity and a shifting of the
balance of power’ (p. 155), a call I fully appreciate and will fight for in my
own, hopefully Spirit-infused and -enthused, way as part of my church community.
<span class="rynqvb"><i>¡Viva la revolución escatológica!</i></span><p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-4199001267024591692023-07-01T09:24:00.000+01:002023-07-01T09:24:45.421+01:00Jesus Christ in the Theology of Justin Martyr, by Andrew Hayes (Grove Doctrine D10)<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3M7cXm-eRPVAoV6jRt6YwnRhEBsJYrcprKJHnCLuuFDtr-yj5eEmTzCNTxQvzYknXOAiEjIg_fEclKpx8RWzVMkoT9OTT9RPZSpfQs4s7KycZMiy-WApAfY7Y5TQiucTy7UjdwU81xDgTMya36NBOqZ7mcXnzWH6FbyS2ZuRUXoUW_R60zTnjOH47ycE/s499/41QVWtXmxrL._SX361_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="363" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3M7cXm-eRPVAoV6jRt6YwnRhEBsJYrcprKJHnCLuuFDtr-yj5eEmTzCNTxQvzYknXOAiEjIg_fEclKpx8RWzVMkoT9OTT9RPZSpfQs4s7KycZMiy-WApAfY7Y5TQiucTy7UjdwU81xDgTMya36NBOqZ7mcXnzWH6FbyS2ZuRUXoUW_R60zTnjOH47ycE/w146-h200/41QVWtXmxrL._SX361_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="146" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Andrew Hayes, <i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/products/d-10-jesus-christ-in-the-theology-of-justin-martyr" target="_blank">Jesus Christ in the Theology of Justin Martyr</a></i>.
Grove Doctrine D10 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2023)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Justin was an early Christian apologist martyred around <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> 165 during the reign of Marcus Aurelius.
His surviving writings—<i><a href="https://ccel.org/ccel/justin_martyr/dialog_with_trypho/anf01" target="_blank">Dialogue with Trypho the Jew</a></i> and the <i><a href="https://ccel.org/ccel/justin_martyr/first_apology/anf01" target="_blank">Apologies</a></i>—are
supreme examples of how Christian thought was developing during the second
century. In this Grove Book, Andrew Hayes focuses on Justin’s articulation of Jesus
as messiah, as teacher, and especially as the incarnate <i>logos</i> of God, a
concept that traces back to the Jewish scriptures and resonates with certain philosophies
of Justin’s time. ‘Presenting Jesus as <i>logos</i> needs to be justified to
his Jewish brethren, as [Justin] calls them, and the presence of truth and
wisdom in the world, via the <i>logos</i>, needs to be communicated with
reference to the uniqueness of Christ to a pagan audience’ (p. 25). Hayes makes
it clear how Justin’s defence of his faith in Christ as <i>logos</i> generated concepts
that helped shape later Christian orthodoxy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/products/d-10-jesus-christ-in-the-theology-of-justin-martyr" target="_blank">Jesus Christ in the Theology of Justin Martyr</a></i> is available for £4.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books website</a> (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through Christian
bookshops.<p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-74355795097916728502023-04-12T14:02:00.001+01:002023-04-12T14:02:43.387+01:00Book Review: Michael A. Tapper, Canadian Pentecostals, the Trinity, and Contemporary Worship Music<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCSVk8BiXXcaVCyj4EmMIZRnYqARi9kCDzPs3OaL-zEjhSi_Aa5NQyI5kdeKTZX6EpGS0fZ0TDzuMBTbBDlTcitV5i0slcK0hNVpuzkMBCnLSw5WRrJnS23iiQliu5gRZAS08w2jMYcPWDQwJR6zuvFZe18ASP1yZp7Itp4RqCBkOytLsZ68AoID-/s2560/819aN09nBnL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1689" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCSVk8BiXXcaVCyj4EmMIZRnYqARi9kCDzPs3OaL-zEjhSi_Aa5NQyI5kdeKTZX6EpGS0fZ0TDzuMBTbBDlTcitV5i0slcK0hNVpuzkMBCnLSw5WRrJnS23iiQliu5gRZAS08w2jMYcPWDQwJR6zuvFZe18ASP1yZp7Itp4RqCBkOytLsZ68AoID-/s320/819aN09nBnL.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>Michael A. Tapper, <a href="https://brill.com/display/title/34678" target="_blank"><i>Canadian Pentecostals, the Trinity,
and Contemporary Worship Music: The Things We Sing</i></a>, Global Pentecostal and
Charismatic Studies 23 (Leiden: Brill, 2017)
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One book which makes great use of Colin Gunton’s theology
and may have flown under the radar for researchers (I only recall one fleeting
mention of it in <i><a href="https://www.eden.co.uk/christian-books/theological-studies/tt-clark-handbook-of-colin-gunton/" target="_blank">The T&T Clark Handbook of Colin Gunton</a></i>, for
example) is <a href="https://www.swu.edu/about/office-directory/member/1407589/" target="_blank">Michael Tapper</a>’s <i>Canadian Pentecostals, the Trinity, and
Contemporary Worship Music</i>. Tapper writes,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">The overall objective of this book is to consider how, or <i>if</i>,
a Christian worship practice of the <a href="https://paoc.org/" target="_blank">Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada</a> (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">paoc</span>) is informed by a trinitarian
approach to God, personhood, and the created world. . . . While a sound
trinitarian statement . . . is clearly embedded at the forefront of formal <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">paoc</span> documentation, an important
question remains: Does the doctrine of the Trinity <i>actually form</i> the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">paoc</span> in substantial and meaningful ways?
(p. 293, emphasis original)</p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tapper draws from Gunton’s writings to develop a framework
in which to analyse the lyrical content of the most commonly sung hymns and
worship songs in PAOC churches between 1 October 2007 and 30 September 2015.
The framework asks:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">Do the songs, explicitly and/or implicitly, name and
identify all the persons of the Trinity?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do the songs speak of the actions of the triune God with
reference to salvation history as recorded in biblical scripture?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do the songs acknowledge the perichoretic relationality that
exists among the persons of the immanent Trinity?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is human self-identification in the songs depicted as
singular, plural, or neutral?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do the actions of the worshipper in the songs acknowledge
the horizontal-orientation of human relationality?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do the songs reinforce the mediatorial worship of the
worshipper as to, in, and through the different persons of the Trinity?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What is the perception of time in relation to the action of
the worshipper in the songs?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Is there a balance between material and immaterial objects
in the songs? (pp. 7–8, amended)</p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the focus on PAOC churches is somewhat niche, most of
the songs Tapper assesses (e.g., <i>10,000 Reasons</i>; <i>I Could Sing of Your
Love Forever</i>; <i>In Christ Alone</i>; <i>Shout to the Lord</i>) are globally
known, thus making his findings (I won’t say what they are!) relevant to numerous
denominations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Canadian Pentecostals, the Trinity, and Contemporary
Worship Music</i> contains statistical analysis (mostly confined to the
appendices) and commentary on lyrics, but the earlier chapters chart the
development of the PAOC and its understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity
before outlining and critiquing Gunton’s theology and its appropriateness for Tapper’s
project. Even if one is not favourably disposed towards Gunton’s take on
trinitarian doctrine, Tapper’s study at least demonstrates that Gunton’s desire
to show how the doctrine makes a genuine difference in the life of the church
is commendable and not misplaced; and although Tapper engages Gunton’s material
to compose his eight questions, the questions themselves largely do not require
Gunton’s content specifically to be acceptable.</p>
I commend <i>Canadian Pentecostals, the Trinity, and Contemporary
Worship Music</i> to people who are involved in musical worship and/or the
PAOC, as well as to anyone interested in finding a helpful summary, critique,
and (most importantly) application of Gunton’s theology to a prominent aspect
of church life. The book is fairly expensive (Tapper himself sent me the copy I
read for free on the understanding that I would take it to the <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/visit/maughan-library" target="_blank">library at King’s College London</a> once I had finished with it) but is definitely worth tracking
down.<p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-5258123800229039532023-04-03T11:24:00.002+01:002023-04-03T11:24:27.688+01:00Theology for Beginners: Napkin Theology<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigdWApiiXqd6lh07JB3pOpDc27kJhwto7V5_zGmYOl6NpSDy9m3q-ykGUaqA180FW8ZjSWtRvYYJM2jvBTbeQvB3u7RQHwQ1QAPxJsjigdXpnm-YxhL7TktsYLaKmfwgi9GngNLN2fGvo7Pr_fhoJ-Q_ojGbjkt0Jk4O4pB7N7ongtCKJEEuIiNU7O/s1360/71oWhNVaf3L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1360" data-original-width="907" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigdWApiiXqd6lh07JB3pOpDc27kJhwto7V5_zGmYOl6NpSDy9m3q-ykGUaqA180FW8ZjSWtRvYYJM2jvBTbeQvB3u7RQHwQ1QAPxJsjigdXpnm-YxhL7TktsYLaKmfwgi9GngNLN2fGvo7Pr_fhoJ-Q_ojGbjkt0Jk4O4pB7N7ongtCKJEEuIiNU7O/s320/71oWhNVaf3L.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>As my work sometimes involves teaching theology in
non-university settings and marking higher education essays at UK qualification
levels four to six, I’m always on the lookout for helpful introductions to
theology that may benefit students new to the discipline – <a href="https://sacredwrightings.blogspot.com/2021/06/theology-for-beginners-four-new-and.html" target="_blank">see here for some recommendations</a>.
I’ve just come across a newly published book that should prove worthwhile reading
not only for students, but also for ‘ordinary churchgoers’ (define that as you
will), including teenagers, who want to wade towards the deeper end of the
theology pool.
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Tyler Hansen and Emily Lund, <a href="https://wipfandstock.com/9781666747850/napkin-theology/" target="_blank"><i>Napkin Theology: Small
Drawings about Big Ideas</i></a>, illus. Jodie Londono (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2023)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The uniqueness of <i>Napkin Theology</i> lies in its use of simple
drawings to illustrate doctrines and theological ideas; the chapter on the
Trinity, for example, features one not dissimilar to the shield of Athanasius and
another depicting a chord on a stave. <i>Napkin Theology</i> shows effectively how
even basic scribbles* on a napkin can supplement theological discussion. Thus
the book communicates complex theological ideas well and is likely the first one
I’d recommend to people who want to know what theology tastes like without committing
themselves to a full course.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
* I should make it clear that Jodie Londono’s pictures typically transcend
the ‘basic scribbles’ category!Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-27270525871547144172023-03-03T14:12:00.009+00:002023-03-04T08:23:15.914+00:00Book Review: Stephen Backhouse, Kierkegaard: A Single LifeStephen Backhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://zondervanacademic.com/products/kierkegaard" target="_blank">Kierkegaard: A Single Life</a></i> (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2016)<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i>I am grateful to <a href="https://zondervanacademic.com/" target="_blank">Zondervan</a> for sending this book to me, presumably for review.</i></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCoMKvrDeQ1z67RrC8JNZdSFcyQzD3KIJRLkOqBWxw4rUsUyaPbqnt8oljWEvucCfDQ0MAqdiMbWChogWLp4WTioVpx2rdDV-7UxBYnHdSr5Lm4c90fZ5z9UgeALEI0jiZkoehVQUeQ36Y5RbI0bOps5a-i8x2WXvuI0hMl3hSw2oJi1pXuQW8XTas/s1600/DSCN0170.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="photo of Stephen Backhouse, 'Kierkegaard: A Single Life', and tote bag / © Terry J. Wright, 2016" border="0" data-original-height="1490" data-original-width="1600" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCoMKvrDeQ1z67RrC8JNZdSFcyQzD3KIJRLkOqBWxw4rUsUyaPbqnt8oljWEvucCfDQ0MAqdiMbWChogWLp4WTioVpx2rdDV-7UxBYnHdSr5Lm4c90fZ5z9UgeALEI0jiZkoehVQUeQ36Y5RbI0bOps5a-i8x2WXvuI0hMl3hSw2oJi1pXuQW8XTas/w400-h372/DSCN0170.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">© Terry J. Wright, 2016</span></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>Back in August 2016, Zondervan sent me a copy of <i><a href="https://zondervanacademic.com/products/kierkegaard" target="_blank">Kierkegaard: A Single Life</a></i> (as well as an accompanying tote bag!), <a href="https://www.stephenbackhouse.com/" target="_blank">Stephen Backhouse</a>’s biography-cum-introduction
to the Danish philosopher-theologian S<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ø</span>ren Kierkegaard. <a href="https://sacredwrightings.blogspot.com/2016/08/a-new-biography-of-sren-kierkegaard.html" target="_blank">I supposed at the time that I was sent the book to review on my blog</a> – and now, almost seven
years later, and after a recent trip to Copenhagen where I snapped some photos
of various things relating to Kierkegaard, including a lock of his hair in the
<a href="https://cphmuseum.kk.dk/en" target="_blank">Museum of Copenhagen</a>, I believe the time is right to make good on my promise.<p></p>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilkATT6soOM5Y3AOzEinTjG3wFagyPpgIDd6k0azJEg1m0hA5pBKzGZ9whI-MnxXqqCmOJPuRkpLfGF_eFSxyhsIDmtxXzhCtoK2rv69GHZpeBp_AIVV5IyXM8yD6XHrIwYSwbC5N1TDkcdqC7a9qZVEHUuiUChNTKpnz2Ka5zXtrO4nU616LdYcDw/s4896/DSC01445.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Statue of Søren Kierkegaard / © Terry J. Wright, 2023" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilkATT6soOM5Y3AOzEinTjG3wFagyPpgIDd6k0azJEg1m0hA5pBKzGZ9whI-MnxXqqCmOJPuRkpLfGF_eFSxyhsIDmtxXzhCtoK2rv69GHZpeBp_AIVV5IyXM8yD6XHrIwYSwbC5N1TDkcdqC7a9qZVEHUuiUChNTKpnz2Ka5zXtrO4nU616LdYcDw/w320-h240/DSC01445.JPG" title="Søren Kierkegaard / © Terry J. Wright, 2023" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">© Terry J. Wright, 2023</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">I described <i>K:ASL</i> as a ‘biography-cum-introduction’ rather
than a biography or an introduction because Backhouse’s book straddles
the distance between the two genres. Naturally, the majority
of the work focuses on the life story of Kierkegaard the man in all his
glorious complexity. Backhouse begins with scenes from Kierkegaard’s funeral and
an account of his school life before delivering a more conventional chronological
presentation of his life. Kierkegaard’s attacks on the
Danish Lutheran Church were explosive and frequent, many establishment figures
found him inscrutable and not a little irksome (as well as someone to mock),
and his love life was complicated to say the least – Backhouse’s portrait vividly captures something of Kierkegaard’s witty, introspective persona, his ambitions often disclosed through pseudonymous works, his intense devotion to God. The final chapter sees Backhouse
moving beyond the purely biographical to outline Kierkegaard’s impact on subsequent scholars
and authors, including, among others, Karls <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" target="_blank">Jaspers</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" target="_blank">Barth</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" target="_blank">Hannah Arendt</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" target="_blank">Richard Wright</a>, and even the band <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_Fire" target="_blank">Arcade Fire</a>, showing how the Dane’s thought –
which centres on the human subject before God – resonates deeply with people
across the disciplinary and religious spectra. In a final section, Backhouse summarises
each of Kierkegaard’s writings; I found these overviews especially welcome and
interesting, and undoubtedly will return to them if ever I study Kierkegaard
in more depth or, in my role as a proofreader and indexer, work on <a href="https://www.eerdmans.com/Products/6803/beyond-immanence.aspx" target="_blank">monographs</a>
relating to him.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78k9wT05a9dVtbkBVmdHJAVYAA5actu57SfERy9xaw_YvgcVz1bZs7HnUu69ba-oDP2NsXnj2Lr74YNpKiXnzKEgsQp00uapFRMi2f6ilTCrVKEIueNZbH3VRca5C0p_19bVupIfstizIQk-vGwKmK5htvXtQyhIpnsnLzEGu_0y00xn9TRTfOev-/s4896/DSC01601.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A lock of Kierkegaard's hair" border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78k9wT05a9dVtbkBVmdHJAVYAA5actu57SfERy9xaw_YvgcVz1bZs7HnUu69ba-oDP2NsXnj2Lr74YNpKiXnzKEgsQp00uapFRMi2f6ilTCrVKEIueNZbH3VRca5C0p_19bVupIfstizIQk-vGwKmK5htvXtQyhIpnsnLzEGu_0y00xn9TRTfOev-/w320-h240/DSC01601.JPG" title="A lock of Kierkegaard's hair / © Terry J. Wright, 2023" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A lock of Kierkegaard's hair / © Terry J. Wright, 2023</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><i>K:ASL</i> is an engrossing read, though, as one might
expect, any book that has a figure like Søren Kierkegaard as
its subject is not going to avoid complicated and challenging concepts that
take time to digest. Backhouse’s prose is lively and engaging, though occasionally
his present-tense narration (e.g., ‘May 5, 1838. Søren celebrates his birthday’, p. 85) jars – this approach seems slightly too
informal to me. That said, Backhouse makes clear this is not ‘another academic
biography’ but one intended for ‘educated nonspecialists who do not need to
know, and do not care, about the depths of Kierkegaard’s intellectual
development or the minutiae of his cultural context in Golden Age Denmark’ (pp.
12–13). With this in mind, I say Backhouse successfully achieves his goal.<br /></p><p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-43361724302171818842023-02-20T08:17:00.000+00:002023-02-20T08:17:14.478+00:00My Review of William J. Abraham’s Divine Agency and Divine Action, Volume 4: A Theological and Philosophical Agenda<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3VvSYuK8Wv9jaxw2g99y6B8OxYD9HX106OsCpOKj9q00OZxi3HEt-0gdHjC8S7pkCGxZWezR_FcxCgPgdpTNc0dQFsNwO3mJ4t1l4GSeNRJ4XS4eA-qXED6IZRxsGymqlPx7fY3kB5577RkQaewAySfFBw8nAXqo5i3v9hq1Uw23sherv60LEWpd1/s550/9780198786535.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="362" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3VvSYuK8Wv9jaxw2g99y6B8OxYD9HX106OsCpOKj9q00OZxi3HEt-0gdHjC8S7pkCGxZWezR_FcxCgPgdpTNc0dQFsNwO3mJ4t1l4GSeNRJ4XS4eA-qXED6IZRxsGymqlPx7fY3kB5577RkQaewAySfFBw8nAXqo5i3v9hq1Uw23sherv60LEWpd1/s320/9780198786535.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>My review of William J. Abraham’s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/divine-agency-and-divine-action-volume-iv-9780198786535?cc=gb&lang=en&" target="_blank"><i>Divine Agency and
Divine Action</i>, Volume 4: <i>A Theological and Philosophical Agenda</i></a> is
available via <i><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts" target="_blank">Journal of Theological Studies</a></i> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jts/flac156/7046085?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">here</a>. If you want to read
the review but can’t access it, let me know.
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I wasn’t as impressed by this final volume in the series as
I was by the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-abstract/70/1/489/5238860?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">first</a> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-abstract/71/1/407/5686429?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">three</a>, but the book is still definitely worth reading if you’re
researching divine action and providence. Reading the series as a whole is, I’d
say, essential.</p>
<p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-9978809758752665062023-01-28T09:49:00.003+00:002023-01-28T09:49:48.883+00:00What Does Liturgy Have to Do with Doctrine?, by Joshua Cockayne (Grove Doctrine D9)<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlirIVBb51CEuddBvSXdtiNE8Kkits9zjySbkiWJTM5o3ur9bK__2txd3UFzg7Ktt5BsgChqyPMhE_CUn_GbUsfVUdMUUQPtPuE2DsZwyJVSu0_Yq-oFiIi3C4IRroZbm2kDs4ySKQHYR42BrxFtxRTBqzlPPxTv9yx5RI27YdcHozAFAAMgMCyGL/s571/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="476" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlirIVBb51CEuddBvSXdtiNE8Kkits9zjySbkiWJTM5o3ur9bK__2txd3UFzg7Ktt5BsgChqyPMhE_CUn_GbUsfVUdMUUQPtPuE2DsZwyJVSu0_Yq-oFiIi3C4IRroZbm2kDs4ySKQHYR42BrxFtxRTBqzlPPxTv9yx5RI27YdcHozAFAAMgMCyGL/w167-h200/Capture.JPG" width="167" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Joshua Cockayne, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/products/d-9-what-does-liturgy-have-to-do-with-doctrine" target="_blank"><i>What Does Liturgy Have to Do with Doctrine?</i></a>
Grove Doctrine D9 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2022)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘What does liturgy have to do with doctrine? In a word:
everything.’ (p. 24)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <i>What Does . . . ?</i>, <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/people/jlc22/" target="_blank">Joshua Cockayne</a> explores the
connection between liturgy and doctrine, recognising that the term ‘liturgy’ applies
to far more than traditional church services, and that the word ‘doctrine’ is
not limited to academic theology or systematic expressions of (in this context)
Christian faith. There is an intimate connection between liturgy and doctrine because
they arise from and incorporate each other: ‘the [early] church’s beliefs about
Jesus were formed by their liturgy, and liturgy was formed by their beliefs’
(p. 15), meaning that it is both ‘almost impossible’ and ‘unnecessary’ (p. 15) to
attempt to discern whether doctrine precedes liturgy or vice versa. The point
is that Christians need to be alert to the doctrinal stances embedded within liturgical
decisions, including, of course, which songs are sung, but also the placement of
songs within the service, whether sermons can occasionally be dropped, whether
children should always be present during a service, how worshippers with
learning difficulties should be included—even how the space within a church is
used and which direction chairs face. In the book’s conclusion, Cockayne
writes:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Regardless of how much (or little) academic theology we have read,
we cannot avoid engaging with doctrine in the life of the church. Every
decision we make about liturgy has implications for those who are being shaped
in belief and desire by these practices. . . . It is in the practical life of
those who follow Jesus today that we find doctrine lived out and acted on. As
worship leaders, we are challenged to see ourselves as theological educators,
seeking always to grow in understanding of God. As theologians, we are
challenged to see that we too are worship leaders, reflecting on issues that
concern people’s hearts and lives, and not just their minds. (p. 24)</span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/products/d-9-what-does-liturgy-have-to-do-with-doctrine" target="_blank"><i>What Does Liturgy Have to Do with Doctrine?</i></a> is available for £4.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books website</a> (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through <a href="https://www.mannachristiancentre.co.uk/" target="_blank">Christian bookshops</a>.<p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-64175200306852911982022-10-03T12:48:00.003+01:002022-10-03T12:48:56.760+01:00On the Atonement, by Oliver D. Crisp (Grove Doctrine D8)<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Oliver D. Crisp, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-8-on-the-atonement-examining-the-debates-on-christ-s-reconciling-work" target="_blank"><i>On the Atonement: Examining the Debates on Christ’s Reconciling Work</i></a>. Grove Doctrine D8 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2022)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh_ZUIni0FMah_zTaEg7GG2SA24seSTZundmim0OuGOCwK89AgRlSUDh3u6cEOZaMvUKJYCHXTbKN653XoTUcAYa3pxAO4JOJN3E0e_4e2xuAiKdSq0xm78hIpFvWnrQyoc-PQ58KYH6dsmOPt3u8gJ3aK9gv9XLxq8efm42W-aQct9jFXd3EW62uv/s579/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="494" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh_ZUIni0FMah_zTaEg7GG2SA24seSTZundmim0OuGOCwK89AgRlSUDh3u6cEOZaMvUKJYCHXTbKN653XoTUcAYa3pxAO4JOJN3E0e_4e2xuAiKdSq0xm78hIpFvWnrQyoc-PQ58KYH6dsmOPt3u8gJ3aK9gv9XLxq8efm42W-aQct9jFXd3EW62uv/w223-h261/Capture.PNG" width="223" /></a></span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many books have been published in recent years on the Christian
doctrine of atonement, but <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/people/odc" target="_blank">Oliver Crisp</a>’s Grove Book on the subject is unique
insofar as it works as a short introduction not only to the different models of
atonement, but also to his own approach to the topic as detailed in his <a href="http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/participation-and-atonement/352241" target="_blank"><i>Participation and Atonement: An Analytic and Constructive Account</i></a> (Grand Rapids, MI:
Baker Academic, 2022).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the Atonement</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> first of all looks at what the atonement <i>is</i>
and in doing so distinguishes between doctrines, dogmas, motifs, models,
theories, and mysteries. Crisp also makes a brief case for not dividing Christ’s
person (who Christ is) from Christ’s work (what Christ does). The longest
chapter offers brief commentaries on the main approaches to atonement—the moral
exemplar view, the ransom notion, the sacrifice metaphor, the satisfaction motif,
and penal substitution—and recognises current trends for ‘mashups’ and ‘kaleidoscopic’
accounts. Finally, Crisp outlines his own position:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I want to suggest that the atonement might be fruitfully thought
of against [a] background Pauline participation motif as a <i>vicarious, reparative
and penitential act of soteriological representation</i>—or what I shall call
the <i>representational account of atonement</i> for short. This is a kind of
mashup view that attempts to give a layered understanding of the nature of
atonement, drawing in different historic motifs into one more complex
conceptual picture. The central idea is that Christ is accountable for human
sin as a human (though not a sinner), but not culpable for human sin, as per
traditional accounts of penal substitution. He acts on behalf of fallen
humanity who cannot help themselves to salvation. In this way, his work is
vicarious. He repairs the breach between God and humanity in so doing. In this
way, his work is reparative. And the work itself is from beginning to end a
kind of penitential act. . . . He offers a kind of penitential act on behalf of
fallen humanity in his perfect life and work, culminating in his crucifixion,
which pays the penalty for human sin brought about by the curse of the fall.
And finally, in this work he represents humanity being accountable for their
sin. In this way, he is our representative. (pp. 18–19)</span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Crisp concludes the main part of his Grove Book with a welcome caution:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As with any human endeavour, our grip on the truth is often more
fragile than we think. This is certainly true of the atonement. . . . So one
takeaway from our discussion of the atonement might be this: to exercise care
in what we say about Christ’s reconciling work, and to extend grace to others
with whom we disagree on this topic. For we are all seeking to understand better
the mysteries of faith with which we have been entrusted (Jude 1.3). (p. 21)</span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The book contains an appendix of further reading, with
entries divided into categories of ‘Introductory’, ‘Intermediate’, and ‘Advanced’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-8-on-the-atonement-examining-the-debates-on-christ-s-reconciling-work" target="_blank"><i>On the Atonement</i></a> is available for £3.95 from the Grove Books website (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through <a href="https://www.mannachristiancentre.co.uk/" target="_blank">Christian bookshops</a>.<p></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-43019732064178351792022-06-13T08:37:00.001+01:002022-06-13T08:37:38.981+01:00My Review of Matt R. Jantzen’s God, Race, and History<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aYm2_xpjm3eOVaADxKizMWwnZIx2hulslIlpXs7dd8MbpiTwDwSWuAR3fSS-ywirWfOsvvR8JEWPu7VaL9qFuJRLFQs5TnPjraCCl2jzqKqngFdQmsWyYVy9VEQbEqBaW5yQa0Z2S1DLNbXcR_LJmo34Q3BfargJrbzDWnlZi29m0fDy4MHcgejw/s506/9781793619556.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="315" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4aYm2_xpjm3eOVaADxKizMWwnZIx2hulslIlpXs7dd8MbpiTwDwSWuAR3fSS-ywirWfOsvvR8JEWPu7VaL9qFuJRLFQs5TnPjraCCl2jzqKqngFdQmsWyYVy9VEQbEqBaW5yQa0Z2S1DLNbXcR_LJmo34Q3BfargJrbzDWnlZi29m0fDy4MHcgejw/s320/9781793619556.jpg" width="199" /></a></div>My review of <a href="https://hope.edu/directory/people/jantzen-matt/index.html" target="_blank">Matt R. Jantzen</a>’s <a href="https://www.waterstones.com/book/god-race-and-history/matt-r-jantzen/9781793619556" target="_blank"><i>God, Race, and History: Liberating Providence</i></a> is available via <i>International Journal of
Systematic Theology</i> <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijst.12582" target="_blank">here</a>.<p></p><p>A note: Jantzen uses an initial capital for ‘Blackness’
but a lower-case initial for ‘whiteness’. My original submission reflected Jantzen’s
practice, but the published version of the review does not. I presume <i>IJST</i>
regarded ‘Blackness’/‘whiteness’ as inconsistent typography – these things can and
do happen in editing! Anyway, the journal is looking into correcting my review
on this score.</p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-51371954585984822882021-12-17T09:44:00.000+00:002021-12-17T09:44:28.826+00:00My Review of Mark W. Elliott’s Providence<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoGsngoMKn_CvEQObFokd2lYPsIm9hND7pFbSL-ofoMUe1RUFkspmx-9TVQ2miDmQlcLYlx6nZLjh6Xf2p_XbY4zA0-7dkUKlN3VUo3RFmlnOntotRR8JLwiPZu-9w9dcu2pjDuJDatdStYW1VQHWCkKQPygWbB-fVflv2XgC1bREH5pQMhzKnuhIZ=s435" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="290" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoGsngoMKn_CvEQObFokd2lYPsIm9hND7pFbSL-ofoMUe1RUFkspmx-9TVQ2miDmQlcLYlx6nZLjh6Xf2p_XbY4zA0-7dkUKlN3VUo3RFmlnOntotRR8JLwiPZu-9w9dcu2pjDuJDatdStYW1VQHWCkKQPygWbB-fVflv2XgC1bREH5pQMhzKnuhIZ=s320" width="213" /></a></div>My review of <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/critical/staff/markelliott/" target="_blank">Mark W. Elliott</a>’s <a href="http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/providence/391090" target="_blank"><i>Providence: A Biblical,
Historical, and Theological Account</i></a> is available via <i>Journal of
Theological Studies</i> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jts/flab130/6464152?guestAccessKey=f0b1417b-41c5-4ae4-bc77-f4146732e5c6" target="_blank">here</a>.<p></p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-65505823367876880032021-12-16T08:03:00.003+00:002021-12-16T08:11:23.554+00:00My Review of Craig G. Bartholomew’s The God Who Acts in History<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhD6UYeBCnpU5JoPEBxkG3R3fvt4O76fPv8Ky0tjmHqy1S0vrs25cU3XXBhQattkF9sLu4EoWMNeInpZKGzk7Ze0FkhK3biF0uKeHGAXnCiqEyFyHL8PPt-syDQyQ9iKjf8zOQMIcwYQ1ilN9m8g9s7JmluMbeOjSs7XR0d_OU1mODy1y2CtAEsX6sB=s2560" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="1707" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhD6UYeBCnpU5JoPEBxkG3R3fvt4O76fPv8Ky0tjmHqy1S0vrs25cU3XXBhQattkF9sLu4EoWMNeInpZKGzk7Ze0FkhK3biF0uKeHGAXnCiqEyFyHL8PPt-syDQyQ9iKjf8zOQMIcwYQ1ilN9m8g9s7JmluMbeOjSs7XR0d_OU1mODy1y2CtAEsX6sB=s320" width="213" /></a></div>My review of <a href="https://www.trinitycollegebristol.ac.uk/about-us/faculty-and-staff/associate-faculty/prof-craig-bartholomew/" target="_blank">Craig G. Bartholomew</a>’s <a href="https://www.eerdmans.com/Products/7467/the-god-who-acts-in-history.aspx" target="_blank"><i>The God Who Acts in History: The Significance of Sinai</i></a> is available via <i>Journal of
Theological Studies</i> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jts/flab123/6462086?guestAccessKey=f814290f-e61c-4f89-8a84-f90c5cf18b65" target="_blank">here</a>.<p></p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-85257355515508821742021-12-14T09:00:00.002+00:002021-12-14T09:00:54.823+00:00My Review of I. Leon Harris’s The Holy Spirit as Communion<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_3slizV84ji5SGkp5PJ-uLAEz-hSOZQqpEgOTmU8oKorNchslzUcEbhExWVS8Rm7NtG5H-sWJncwtEOvJYedIgfpv4nKk0GIJhwW41HfLSe1PO6QcSTWKXIcpz2uNRU2BPsXUE1QOl8Km3elYb9UTPH_BHyTQ_oJIfS40jgGietw1tQhrvzbyuATY=s1360" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1360" data-original-width="855" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_3slizV84ji5SGkp5PJ-uLAEz-hSOZQqpEgOTmU8oKorNchslzUcEbhExWVS8Rm7NtG5H-sWJncwtEOvJYedIgfpv4nKk0GIJhwW41HfLSe1PO6QcSTWKXIcpz2uNRU2BPsXUE1QOl8Km3elYb9UTPH_BHyTQ_oJIfS40jgGietw1tQhrvzbyuATY=s320" width="201" /></a></div>My review of <a href="https://www.biola.edu/directory/people/leon-harris" target="_blank">I. Leon Harris</a>’s <a href="https://wipfandstock.com/9781498297493/the-holy-spirit-as-communion/" target="_blank"><i>The Holy Spirit as
Communion: Colin Gunton’s Pneumatology of Communion and Frank Macchia’s
Pneumatology of “Koinonia”</i></a> is available via <i>Journal of Theological
Studies</i> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jts/flab124/6460214?guestAccessKey=9559039a-c6c4-42ef-a6c6-1d77786dd7b1" target="_blank">here</a>.<p></p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-46288935160628780532021-09-28T10:03:00.001+01:002022-06-29T07:16:02.768+01:00Jesus, Providence, and Ideological Colonization<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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</xml><![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4joulFSgySEZv2jT58EOWSPrOy84RC6iEnVwFSi2uEEWBuZYxWw3cIxI_sQxXRKlFbfY1E0n56No7FTtUvG9U71dufYDjxdrFDUr0EpUMXT-xBw_77nAntlies3qlJjChXlA1u5_JDng/s506/9781793619556.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="315" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4joulFSgySEZv2jT58EOWSPrOy84RC6iEnVwFSi2uEEWBuZYxWw3cIxI_sQxXRKlFbfY1E0n56No7FTtUvG9U71dufYDjxdrFDUr0EpUMXT-xBw_77nAntlies3qlJjChXlA1u5_JDng/s320/9781793619556.jpg" width="199" /></a></div>I thought I’d do some reading today; this is what I’ve just
read:<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">When its content is not specifically defined in relationship
to the incarnation of the Jewish human being Jesus of Nazareth, the doctrine of
providence becomes vulnerable to ideological colonization. Reflection on
providence, therefore, must proceed in light of the fact that there is only ever
one divine Subject of the doctrine: the particular God revealed in the covenant
with Israel and the incarnation of Jesus Christ. Providence is not primarily
about abstract concepts like omnipotence, sovereignty, or <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Providence-Made-Flesh-Paternoster-Theological/dp/1608991601" target="_blank">causality</a>, but about
how the God who brought Israel out of slavery in Egypt, became a Jewish human
being, and was crucified and resurrected continues to be in an active
relationship to creation. Contemporary reflection on the doctrine of providence
begins by affirming that God never acts otherwise than God has acted in Israel
and Jesus. Theological accounts of providence must fix their vision on the
concrete particularity of Jesus Christ.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Matt R. Jantzen, <a href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793619556/God-Race-and-History-Liberating-Providence" target="_blank"><i>God, Race, and History: Liberating Providence</i></a> (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2021), pp. 145–146</p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I agree with everything in this quotation one hundred per
cent!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://hope.edu/directory/people/jantzen-matt/index.html" target="_blank">Matt Jantzen</a>’s book is very good. I’ve almost finished it
and am due to review it for <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14682400/homepage/productinformation.html" target="_blank"><i>International Journal of Systematic Theology</i></a>.
Jantzen explores how racialization shapes the doctrine of providence and how
the latter informs the former. He looks at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" target="_blank">G.W.F. Hegel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" target="_blank">Karl Barth</a>, and <a href="https://sacredwrightings.blogspot.com/2020/08/james-cone-on-silence-and-white.html" target="_blank">James Cone</a>
to do so. The book is on the expensive side – praise the Lord for review
copies! – but is definitely worth reading if you can track down a copy.
Hopefully a paperback will be out sooner rather than later.</p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-521947215483945422021-09-27T11:42:00.001+01:002021-09-27T11:50:02.318+01:00On Reading Every Single Word<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOP0FSVdad9jKlJYX56-rFsHEytzt48f0ulaSQ9iHXkKj6rPqZ8YjgHUGmya6EB_Kg7HkV-Oc53GkTMiB8wGJkANUaFJNeAV3oiqOyy-cGussKhLBs3MtyjdMd3Y61yIwK_r-6onamNA/s4896/DSC00797.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3672" data-original-width="4896" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOP0FSVdad9jKlJYX56-rFsHEytzt48f0ulaSQ9iHXkKj6rPqZ8YjgHUGmya6EB_Kg7HkV-Oc53GkTMiB8wGJkANUaFJNeAV3oiqOyy-cGussKhLBs3MtyjdMd3Y61yIwK_r-6onamNA/w400-h300/DSC00797.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br />Confession is good for the soul, but it’s possibly not so good
for advancing an academic career, even an academic career-lite such as mine.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>I’ve advised on study skills for a while now. Sometimes I do
so as part of a specially designed study skills course, but more often than not
I aim to instruct via essay feedback. The wisdom I impart makes sense to me (naturally)
but does appear genuinely to help students in my charge, though those accustomed
to a referencing system such as <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/about-apa-style" target="_blank">APA</a> often find the perceived eccentricities of the
<a href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html" target="_blank">Chicago/Turabian</a> style near-unfathomable (the least said about the <a href="http://www.mhra.org.uk/style/" target="_blank">MHRA</a> style
the better). My proofreading experience shapes how I dispense my guidance: I
don’t have automatic knowledge or retention of each and every point of detail within
each and every academic style guide, but I do have more than a basic idea of
what the main ones require and how the guides should be deployed in a student
essay or dissertation. In short, I’m well placed to advise on study skills, and
I do it reasonably well and, on good days, competently.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But what do I advise? Nothing more than the standards of the
day, really. I tell access-level students and undergraduates to keep their
introductions and conclusions simple: open by saying <i>what</i> you’re going
to argue and <i>how</i> you’re going to argue it, and close by summarising what
you’ve argued and how you argued it, perhaps ending with a sentence pointing to
how the subject under discussion impacts or includes other topics and themes. It’s
important, I say, to ensure the argument is focused on what the essay title requires
as well as having a natural flow in both content and structure. Students need
to engage with secondary literature and – certainly from level 5 upwards – wrestle
with the primary texts of the people or ideas under discussion. And because
time is short and texts often aren’t, I suggest various kinds of targeted
reading: know the sort of information you need for your essay and locate it as
quickly but as accurately as you can; take note of abstracts; read the introduction
and conclusion to each chapter; practise a mixture of skim-reading and focused
reading; and so on. These are the sorts of things I advise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But although these are the sorts of things I advise, these
are not the sorts of things I practise myself – at least, they’re not the sorts
of things I practise when it comes to my own reading of texts. I just cannot
bring myself to adopt targeted reading. Actually, that’s not strictly true. It’s
not that I can’t bring myself to adopt targeted reading; it’s that I can’t live
with the guilt generated by my adopting targeted reading. When I did my
doctoral studies in the noughties, I believed, rightly or wrongly, that if I hurried
through a few paragraphs here or skipped a chapter or two there, my internal
and external examiners in the viva would lean forwards, fix their eyes on mine,
and say something like:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote>Terry, in chapter three, you claim that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" target="_blank">Calvin</a> says <i>x</i>
in the <i>Institutes</i>, and that’s true. But later in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" target="_blank"><i>Institutes</i></a>,
Calvin also says <i>y</i>, which would back up what you say – though arguably this
contradicts what Calvin said in his <i>Commentary on Romans</i>, and you haven’t
looked at what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Muller_(theologian)" target="_blank">Muller</a> and <a href="https://www.htc.uhi.ac.uk/about-us/faculty/prof-paul-helm/" target="_blank">Helm</a> say about this, or even <a href="https://theology.nd.edu/people/randall-zachman/" target="_blank">Zachman</a>, and frankly it
is quite clear to me, to us, to the world, that <i>you haven’t read every
single thing that has ever been written about this particular topic and thus have
proven yourself to be </i>[clears throat] <i>a <b>Very Bad Person Indeed</b>!</i></blockquote><i></i><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This anxiety remains embedded in me to this day. It makes me
a slow reader. It means the piles of books scattered – well, not scattered, for
scattered books are a sin – the piles of books <i>lovingly erected</i> (no
sniggering, please) around my flat seldom reduce in height. And it means – and
this is the killer blow, surely – I fail even to get past the foreword, let
alone the first chapter. My eyes are larger than my literary stomach, though no
doubt everything here is compounded by my proofreading job, which has
habituated me to read every. single. word. slowly.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And so I have two sets of questions to ask my fellow
academics, especially the ‘proper’ ones who teach actual (or, these days, virtual)
classes in universities:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">How do you read? Do you read every single word? Do you
skim-read some sections and focus on others? Do you read chapter introductions
and conclusions carefully but ignore the rest, only taking notice of subsection
headings or similar? Et cetera, et cetera.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And if you <i>don’t</i> read every single word, do you ever feel
guilty about this? Are you worried that someone else will come along and say, ‘Well,
you didn’t read my book properly, or you didn’t read all of my book, because I make
that very point in Chapter 9, note 443’? (I admit I tend to adopt this stance when
I encounter dismissive reviews of my published work – O, hypocrisy, thou art my
lover!) And if you’re <i>not</i> worried about these kinds of comments, how would
you, or how do you, explain your reading methods and approaches to others?</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
I’m genuinely interested to know if I <i>am</i>
the only person who worries about this sort of thing. But while I’m waiting for
answers, I’d better finish reading every single word from one of the (many)
books I’ve yet to review.<br />Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-39757703980984943292021-09-24T14:19:00.000+01:002021-09-24T14:19:20.928+01:00Doubt, by Andrea Russell (Grove Doctrine D7)<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFg5X74CX97CcDz_IfobDzEZml4HgF7apkfiuhFFrDeu2KvQaMHBDM058di3zjTZ04idZ4JBX9iXkGpVFdqNYvKKj9r1VT9IMt0neYoLSgutzJJePBgKElI4fin-Fb2wl_ycLZWNs0FIM/s236/D7_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="236" data-original-width="173" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFg5X74CX97CcDz_IfobDzEZml4HgF7apkfiuhFFrDeu2KvQaMHBDM058di3zjTZ04idZ4JBX9iXkGpVFdqNYvKKj9r1VT9IMt0neYoLSgutzJJePBgKElI4fin-Fb2wl_ycLZWNs0FIM/s0/D7_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" width="173" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Andrea Russell, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-7-doubt-exploring-richard-hooker-assurance-and-salvation" target="_blank"><i>Doubt: Exploring Richard Hooker, Assurance and Salvation</i></a>. Grove Doctrine D7 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2021)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Is doubt a sign of weak faith, perhaps even of <i>no</i> faith?
While what we believe is important, there will undoubtedly (!) be times when we
question some or all of the central tenets of Christian belief and our faith
appears a sham. In this Grove Book, <a href="https://www.oxford.anglican.org/welcoming-the-revd-dr-andrea-russell/" target="_blank">Andrea Russell</a> looks at how issues of doubt
and certainty manifested during the sixteenth century and how clergy during
this time sought to alleviate the anxiety these issues produced for many in
their congregations. Russell explores <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hooker" target="_blank">Richard Hooker</a>’s sermon, <i>A Learned and
Comfortable Sermon of the Certaintie and Perpetuitie of Faith in the Elect</i>, noting that
while ‘assurance and peace are available as Christians, . . . certainty is not’
(p. 13). Towards the end of <i>Doubt</i>, Russell writes,</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The aim of learning [theology and doctrine, for Hooker,] is not to
arrive at certainty; our experience of God is not one that will lead to
certainty. Our knowledge . . . is to lead us further into glimpsing who God is,
this God who saves us. Those glimpses will sometimes be like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NRXx6U8ABQ" target="_blank">blinding lights</a>
but at times they may well lead us to doubt and darkness. Both paths can lead
us deeper into God, revealing to us more of God’s goodness and more of the God
who takes hold of us in salvation. Belief and doubt can lead us into an honest
faith that allows us to believe in God with integrity. (p. 22)</span></blockquote><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Russell’s book concludes with an appendix on how to read Hooker.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-7-doubt-exploring-richard-hooker-assurance-and-salvation" target="_blank"><i>Doubt</i></a> is available for
£3.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books</a> website (in both print and electronic formats), as
well as through <a href="https://www.mannachristiancentre.co.uk/" target="_blank">Christian bookshops</a>.Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-65523586401545417992021-09-02T11:48:00.003+01:002021-09-02T11:57:38.543+01:00What is Salvation For? by Clive Marsh (Grove Doctrine D6)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
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<![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpnBfU32vCixlsmrX8RjZexkRXjoSRo6_3PEUUjdr-hfZ_zvTZxZWuBtDNxN9DNowEVwsENPNK19Nkpho6jUt2xsQZToqQlJ5n0qOcM71IJpLK6o1FlD2npD4vJ-l62H160_u_67OG8U/s229/D6_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="173" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpnBfU32vCixlsmrX8RjZexkRXjoSRo6_3PEUUjdr-hfZ_zvTZxZWuBtDNxN9DNowEVwsENPNK19Nkpho6jUt2xsQZToqQlJ5n0qOcM71IJpLK6o1FlD2npD4vJ-l62H160_u_67OG8U/s0/D6_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" width="173" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Clive Marsh, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-6-what-is-salvation-for-exploring-the-human-experience-of-god-s-saving-work" target="_blank"><i>What is Salvation For? Exploring the Human
Experience of God’s Saving Work</i></a>. Grove Doctrine D6 (Cambridge: Grove Books,
2021)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan to
promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and when
they’re published.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Christians obviously and rightly make a big deal about the death
of Jesus on the cross and the salvation it brings. But what is salvation
actually <i>for</i>? Or, to rephrase the question, how do people <i>experience</i>
salvation? <a href="https://www.queens.ac.uk/people/academic/clive-marsh" target="_blank">Clive Marsh</a> explores what people are ‘saved <i>from</i>, <i>for</i>,
<i>by</i> and <i>into</i>’ (p. 3): among other things, people are saved <i>from</i>
sin (‘the distortion and disruption of creation’s . . . relationship to God’;
p. 14), <i>for</i> a life with God, <i>by</i> Jesus (both on the cross and
through his ongoing presence) and through the Spirit, and <i>into</i> the
kingdom of God. ‘Salvation is about <i>life</i>, <i>full life</i>, <i>abundant
life</i>, <i>fulfilling life</i>’ (p. 19) and for ‘<i>ultimate well-being</i>’,
‘<i>release</i>’, and ‘<i>safety</i>’ (p. 20). ‘Salvation has <i>forgiveness</i>
at its core’ (p. 21), ‘entails <i>communal celebration</i>’ (p. 21), and ‘<i>produces
contentment</i>’ (p. 22). Marsh concludes with ‘brief insights into what
salvation means for everyday life’ (p. 24).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-6-what-is-salvation-for-exploring-the-human-experience-of-god-s-saving-work" target="_blank"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What is Salvation For?</span></i></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> is available for £3.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books</a> website (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through
<a href="https://www.mannachristiancentre.co.uk/" target="_blank">Christian bookshops</a>. You might also be interested in Grove Book’s interview
with Marsh:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Sabon Next LT";"></span></p>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kJbVu0_noMM" title="YouTube video player" width="500"></iframe>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-87381117230033074862021-06-01T16:04:00.002+01:002021-06-10T20:56:49.779+01:00Theology for Beginners: Four New and Recent Books<p class="MsoNormal">As a significant proportion of my work involves teaching
theology in non-university settings and marking higher education essays at <a href="https://www.gov.uk/what-different-qualification-levels-mean/list-of-qualification-levels" target="_blank">UK qualification levels</a> four to six, I’m always on the lookout for helpful
introductions to theology that may benefit students new to the discipline. Here
are four I’ve come across in recent months.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofcrbxmmCjsaye60L_Bum9p4TH4PTkJhWeMxlk3zFf54b_EPDQ2VLGaFgVFmFTpP7WAGuByO7zpTvEOETCGwgEaWUtmTroFtqMde7TyhC6EDLYZzfASIoYXHUBZcyc8twWU7QBpSlLfg/s500/9781783593941.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="333" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgofcrbxmmCjsaye60L_Bum9p4TH4PTkJhWeMxlk3zFf54b_EPDQ2VLGaFgVFmFTpP7WAGuByO7zpTvEOETCGwgEaWUtmTroFtqMde7TyhC6EDLYZzfASIoYXHUBZcyc8twWU7QBpSlLfg/s320/9781783593941.jpg" /></a></div>Keith L. Johnson, <a href="https://ivpbooks.com/theology-as-discipleship-pb" target="_blank"><i>Theology as Discipleship</i></a> (London:
IVP, 2016)</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My relationship with theology is not quite love/hate, but I
often wonder why I bother with it. I’m convinced about the subject’s worth in
my own mind but dislike having to defend it before people who aren’t. <a href="https://keithljohnson.com/" target="_blank">Keith Johnson</a> is well aware of this conundrum and so aims to explain why studying
theology is an important aspect of Christian discipleship. <i>Theology as
Discipleship</i> is not an introduction to theology as such but an outline of
why we (should) do it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF4tWhbVKkHBrMYXivJprm6RmQxxZ-klrAN5xhv7kxtupqfl3oJX5aqozToa7yua1QZZfaRQpXcVPSD8OzC2ZdZ1RSxOFbFdQoBtgGVS3dI-IzjsIxW-64EonoCe2EdY-I3fbCkJbQkrk/s648/9780310093824.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="426" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF4tWhbVKkHBrMYXivJprm6RmQxxZ-klrAN5xhv7kxtupqfl3oJX5aqozToa7yua1QZZfaRQpXcVPSD8OzC2ZdZ1RSxOFbFdQoBtgGVS3dI-IzjsIxW-64EonoCe2EdY-I3fbCkJbQkrk/s320/9780310093824.webp" /></a><b>Karin Spiecker Stetina, <a href="https://www.zondervan.com/9780310093824/how-to-read-theology-for-all-its-worth/" target="_blank"><i>How to Read Theology for All Its Worth: A Guide for Students</i></a> (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2020)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>How to Read Theology for All Its Worth</i> stands ‘in the
tradition of’ (says the book cover) <i>How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth</i>.
<a href="https://www.biola.edu/directory/people/karin-stetina" target="_blank">Karin Stetina</a> emphasises the need for theological study to be rooted in prayer
and Scripture and aims to identify the skills necessary for people to become good
theologians, especially anyone setting out on a formal course of theological
study. Chapters address handling publishing details, identifying context,
discerning theological frameworks, discovering sources, discerning the author’s
views, and evaluating theology. Stetina includes six appendices and a glossary;
among the appendices are outlines on how to lead and participate in theological
discussions.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc7040W9dqy5EdB8DL_pU6xGYDVRaprnuo7aCErOGURCw-DOih68lu3O4Cxzl68I0f2xmgfRKLhxDVhWiv4uGrlYVh3jSCvnbyKNlyoAT73_uTSFG7ne9OQX-UaUZrNDUSSFbX7Vbz37I/s383/9781540960351.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="290" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc7040W9dqy5EdB8DL_pU6xGYDVRaprnuo7aCErOGURCw-DOih68lu3O4Cxzl68I0f2xmgfRKLhxDVhWiv4uGrlYVh3jSCvnbyKNlyoAT73_uTSFG7ne9OQX-UaUZrNDUSSFbX7Vbz37I/w221-h292/9781540960351.jpg" width="221" /></a></div><b>Graham McFarlane, <a href="http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/a-model-for-evangelical-theology/390790" target="_blank"><i>A Model for Evangelical Theology: Integrating Scripture, Tradition, Reason, Experience, and Community</i></a> (Grand
Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2020)</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The model <a href="https://lst.ac.uk/teachers/graham-mcfarlane/" target="_blank">Graham McFarlane</a> proposes is what he calls the ‘Evangelical
Quintilateral’ (an extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" target="_blank">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a>): Scripture, tradition,
reason, experience – and community. McFarlane devotes a substantial chapter to
each of these elements, and each chapter includes ‘pauses’ (asking questions)
and closes with suggestions for further reading. Of the four books I’m featuring
in this post, it’s McFarlane’s that would work best as a class textbook.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdzQ2SaNhTA3nQQBEXCPlkNzJbphuteH6_RnVPxv40lbYUaYj7kYqJlH8OKWwAAIA5edSi54ewHcoFUL2vKOgi3WABGZ47E8K8KHHxMpoih1Hz8lDgsWSrJJnWMebbXopLQ9TN6EVwsc/s782/9780567673336.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdzQ2SaNhTA3nQQBEXCPlkNzJbphuteH6_RnVPxv40lbYUaYj7kYqJlH8OKWwAAIA5edSi54ewHcoFUL2vKOgi3WABGZ47E8K8KHHxMpoih1Hz8lDgsWSrJJnWMebbXopLQ9TN6EVwsc/s320/9780567673336.jpg" /></a></b></div><b>Geoff Thompson, <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/christian-doctrine-9780567673336/" target="_blank"><i>Christian Doctrine: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a> (London: T&T Clark, 2020)</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Christian Doctrine</i> is not an introduction to theology
or to specific doctrines but rather an introduction to what doctrine <i>is</i>
– and because the book explores the concept of doctrine in relation to
Scripture, ideas about truth, other disciplines, and so on, undergraduates and
postgraduates alike will find reading this book worthwhile. <a href="https://staff.divinity.edu.au/staff/geoff-thompson/" target="_blank">Geoff Thompson</a>
draws from a wide range of theologians: the usual suspects (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" target="_blank">Augustine</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" target="_blank">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" target="_blank">John Calvin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barth" target="_blank">Karl Barth</a>) are here, but Thompson also includes,
among others, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" target="_blank">Catherine of Siena</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Coakley" target="_blank">Sarah Coakley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_(theologian)" target="_blank">Elizabeth A. Johnson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._H._Ting" target="_blank">K. H.Ting</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Weifan" target="_blank">Wang Weifan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._M._Thomas" target="_blank">M. M. Thomas</a>, <a href="https://www.megandefranza.com/" target="_blank">Megan DeFranza</a>, and <a href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/teresa-okure" target="_blank">Teresa Okure</a>, making <i>Christian
Doctrine</i> a model for how to write theology in our more globally aware age.</p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-25980650274665842412021-05-27T10:54:00.000+01:002021-05-27T10:54:36.966+01:00Doing Theology in the Tradition of the Wesleys, by Jane V Craske (Grove Doctrine D5)<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioRka1c894xtwCXe_wI1OSqxi-2T6rXxEkh82OB-i7J-DpJ3vnKIU5rBxkdBhODGgLEJ3FBnBlZM58GOXa6ynQMUIw1mdB0HiaICu5Z61j8TngRJiStQepUh7y_U44nUjVZ0md0N_RrMs/s229/D5_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioRka1c894xtwCXe_wI1OSqxi-2T6rXxEkh82OB-i7J-DpJ3vnKIU5rBxkdBhODGgLEJ3FBnBlZM58GOXa6ynQMUIw1mdB0HiaICu5Z61j8TngRJiStQepUh7y_U44nUjVZ0md0N_RrMs/s0/D5_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" /></a></div>Jane V Craske, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-5-doing-theology-in-the-tradition-of-the-wesleys" target="_blank"><i>Doing Theology in the Tradition of the Wesleys</i></a>. Grove Doctrine D5 (Cambridge: Grove Books, 2020)<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan
to promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and
when they’re published.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Grove Books website says ‘<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/pages/about-us" target="_blank">we are evangelical and Anglican, and seek to engage with, learn from and speak to others</a>.’ I can’t
speak for every series in <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">the Grove Books range</a>, but this desire to ‘engage
with, learn from and speak to others’ is certainly true for Grove Doctrine:
three of the six titles published so far are written by Methodists, and one of
the others was written by an Anglican (me!) who nonetheless worked as part of
the Methodist Church of Great Britain’s Connexional Team for <i>exactly</i> ten
years. Perhaps like the denomination itself in many local communities,
Methodism has a subtle but sure influence on the Grove Doctrine series.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.queens.ac.uk/people/academic/jane-craske" target="_blank">Jane Craske</a>’s <i>Doing Theology in the Tradition of the
Wesleys</i> is an explicit look at what Methodism contributes theologically –
or, putting it differently, on what theological priorities the Church catholic
can find in Methodism for its own practices. Arguably, <i>Doing Theology</i> is
best summed up by this lengthy quotation from towards the end of the book:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">I describe the characteristics I draw together here as
engaged theology. I have drawn from the Wesleys, in particular, a pattern of
doing theology that focuses on what God does in human lives and in the world,
through Jesus Christ, in response to what needs to change (the story of
salvation). It is a theology that emphasizes, within that overall focus, the
continuing transforming change that God brings about (holiness), without
setting limits to it. Doing theology in the tradition of the Wesleys means
giving attention to how all this is communicated, to whom and by whom (from
Wesleyan preaching). We will need a holistic sense of theology that includes
physicality, emotion, celebration (such as in singing), as well as nurture and
the development of disciples (moving on together). We will have to attend to
context, to the heart and the head, and to what disciples do. And theology will
be done, as a practice, in community. (p. 25)</p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This book is ideal for anyone interested in what theology is
and how it is practised, but perhaps especially for those who are involved in
some form of <a href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/ministries/" target="_blank">Methodist ministry</a>, including <a href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/local-preachers-and-worship-leaders/local-preachers/" target="_blank">local preachers</a>, <a href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/local-preachers-and-worship-leaders/worship-leaders/" target="_blank">worship leaders</a>,
and <a href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/for-churches/local-preachers-and-worship-leaders/local-preachers/becoming-a-local-preacher/" target="_blank">persons ‘on note’ and ‘on trial’</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-5-doing-theology-in-the-tradition-of-the-wesleys" target="_blank">Doing Theology</a> </i>is available for £3.95 from the <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books</a>
website (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through Christian
bookshops.</p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-68243161502759528122021-05-21T08:00:00.000+01:002021-05-21T08:00:35.014+01:00Creation and Ecology, by Joanna Leidenhag (Grove Doctrine D4)<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-6bJm3OnDknxHVstrI4zOohvE4jnx-KRoVhLeLCGwo7fsyvyrlF-4RhThuC_Gqh_fd4Dp6srwBJjcaBwgCcEbzMfKWOnE5F9QyqlsbNDOYNfCAQLbl6UWMQoDy0UW058gE2svw86I3M/s1024/D4_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="751" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-6bJm3OnDknxHVstrI4zOohvE4jnx-KRoVhLeLCGwo7fsyvyrlF-4RhThuC_Gqh_fd4Dp6srwBJjcaBwgCcEbzMfKWOnE5F9QyqlsbNDOYNfCAQLbl6UWMQoDy0UW058gE2svw86I3M/s320/D4_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" /></a></div>Joanna Leidenhag, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-4-creation-and-ecology-why-the-doctrine-of-creation-ex-nihilo-matters-today" target="_blank"><i>Creation and Ecology: Why the Doctrine
of Creation ex nihilo Matters Today</i></a>. Grove Doctrine D4 (Cambridge: Grove
Books, 2020)<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>As I’m on the editorial group for <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I plan
to promote (but not review) each of the books released in the series as and
when they’re published.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Creation <i>ex nihilo</i>, or creation from nothing, is a
touchstone of Christian doctrine. It is not merely a description of how the
universe came into being, however; it has much to contribute, too, to how we
view God’s ongoing relation to the world, as well as humanity’s relation to God
and to other creatures. In <i>Creation and Ecology</i>, <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/people/jmbl1" target="_blank">Joanna Leidenhag</a> teases
out some implications creation from nothing has for ecological ethics.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the opening chapter, Leidenhag acknowledges Christianity’s
ambivalent role in creation care but contends its doctrine of creation from nothing,
properly understood, can do much to shape our attitudes to the world. Chapter two
discusses Genesis 1:1–2:4a and shows why theology and modern science are not in
competition with one another. In chapter three, Leidenhag largely explores how
the doctrine of creation from nothing developed from Scripture in the second
century <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> in dispute with contemporary
philosophies. The ideas which came to be encapsulated in the phrase ‘creation <i>ex
nihilo</i>’ are:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">the identity of the one God as both creator and saviour; the
sovereignty of God as unlimited in power; the goodness of creation; the
dependency of all creation on God; and the hope that all creation will be redeemed.
(p. 16)</p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fourth and final chapter explores how these ideas affect
creation care: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">The doctrine of creation <i>ex nihilo</i> underlines how
humanity’s power is different from and relies upon God’s power. When we use our
creativity and resources in line with God’s, then creation flourishes. (p. 19)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Discerning the presence of God in the city and the jungle,
the abattoir and sanctuary, will change how we live, work and rest alongside
other creatures. Viewing space as a network of relationships can make us more
sensitive to how human activities can be either invasive or cooperative to
other creatures. (p. 21)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the creation <i>ex nihilo</i> doctrine there is
one ultimate distinction in reality—between God and creation. . . . Humanity is
not closer to God than an earthworm or eel. As Creator of all, God is equally
close to every creature and lovingly holds each one in existence. (p. 21)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fossil fuels, cities, rising temperatures or plastic are not
evil in and of themselves. Instead, these are symptoms of a world out of
balance and signs that in a network of interdependence one creature is trying
to be independent of all others. (p. 22)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Christian doctrine of creation <i>ex nihilo</i> directly
links the first creation to the hope for new creation, because there is one God
who is both creator and saviour. (p. 23)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Christian environmental action is a way to participate in
the gift of creation and respond to the grace of God. (p. 24)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The God who made this universe from nothing, sustains its
being in every moment, and is intimately present in every millimetre of the
cosmos, will redeem and heal the evil consequences of human activity. . . . God
invites us, as created beings whose existence depends on God and God alone, to
join in this great work of grace. (p. 24)</p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-4-creation-and-ecology-why-the-doctrine-of-creation-ex-nihilo-matters-today" target="_blank"><i>Creation and Ecology</i></a> is available for £3.95 from the
<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/" target="_blank">Grove Books</a> website (in both print and electronic formats), as well as through
<a href="https://www.mannachristiancentre.co.uk/" target="_blank">Christian bookshops</a>. Click <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/joanna-leidenhag-on-creation-ex-nihilo-ecological-ethics/id1344924128?i=1000509561058" target="_blank">here</a> for Leidenhag’s interview on her book with the
<a href="https://blogos.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/the-logos-institute/" target="_blank">Logos Institute</a>.</p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-19353333327384011772021-04-26T08:32:00.002+01:002021-04-26T08:32:48.394+01:00Shepherd and Saviour – The Name of Jesus: A Sermon on John 10:11-18 and Acts 4:5-12<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I preached again yesterday, this time using the lectionary readings.
As interesting as I found the passages when I began digging into them, I just
couldn’t do anything substantial with them. The sermon below is probably the
least satisfied I’ve been with a sermon for quite some time – even my wife said
it wasn’t ‘all that meaty’! And regardless of substance, I’m not even convinced
it’s especially coherent or that it holds together even at the level of grammar
and punctuation! Anyway, I’m still posting the text: not only does it mean my
blog remains active (!), but it also shows (perhaps) my willingness to invite
(kind) critical comments in an attempt to improve my homiletical abilities.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">John 10:11-18; Acts 4:5-12</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VTFQ1PGpY6O0UKGBhsNLLX_FR8olO3fgP9orueDckDZfCKa8WSp87p3PBuBhKtKc2l4arOP50kiETg1-pX-_7Behr5JI-coV-hKNetCtisT8_Ff5Xnmfgetl-qj0N5SVyaYbg_2OiEA/s600/name-terry.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="https://charlies-names.com/en/terry/" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_VTFQ1PGpY6O0UKGBhsNLLX_FR8olO3fgP9orueDckDZfCKa8WSp87p3PBuBhKtKc2l4arOP50kiETg1-pX-_7Behr5JI-coV-hKNetCtisT8_Ff5Xnmfgetl-qj0N5SVyaYbg_2OiEA/w200-h200/name-terry.webp" width="200" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hello, everyone: my name is Terry. Not ‘Terence’; ‘Terry’. It says
so on my birth certificate. The name ‘Terry’ apparently originates from Old
German and means ‘power of the tribe’ or ‘ruler of the people’. I don’t suppose
my parents had such lofty ambitions for me when they named me ‘Terry’, but I
couldn’t say this for sure, and they’re not around any more to ask. In fact, I
vaguely remember being told that ‘Terry’ was a last-minute change: I was
originally going to be called ‘Barry’. I don’t know why my parents changed
their minds and, like I say, they’re not around any more to ask. And so I stand
here before you today as Terry: husband of Ruth, father of Isaac, son of Elaine
and David.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Names are important. At a very basic level, names are simply ways
of referring to particular people or places or things. But names often frame
our identities, who we are, and our identities are sometimes rooted in our
names. Telling someone our name is in some respects an act of revelation: we
are telling someone who we are, who we recognise ourselves to be: I am <i>Terry</i>
– not ‘Barry’, not ‘Optimus’, not ‘Anakin’, and, once my life story is taken
into account, a particular ‘Terry’ at that. By letting you know my name, I’m
saying this is how I want you to know me, this is how I want you to address me,
and you need my permission and approval if you want to call me by another name.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are situations, of course, where this doesn’t happen. Cast
your mind back to when we were going through Daniel. Daniel and his friends, Hananiah,
Mishael, and Azariah, were taken captive by the Babylonians and given new
names: Belteshazzar, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. These four men from Judah
were given new names showing they were now going to be defined primarily by the
Babylonian Empire, by its culture and politics. I’m not absolutely certain, but
I believe similar things have happened to enslaved peoples throughout history:
empires move in and shape colonies in the image of the homeland, including
assigning different names to the indigenous peoples. And I suppose that, in the
English-speaking world at least, many people whose birth names derive from non-Germanic
languages feel obliged to change their names so they sound more agreeable to
the dominant ethnicities.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And lest you think I’m reading too much into things here, let me
say just one more thing on this: Think about a time when someone called you a name,
when someone insulted you by using a name that put you down because of your
skin colour, because of your height or your weight, because of a disability, your
intelligence or your education, your upbringing, your job, whatever. How did
you feel, being called by a name you didn’t or wouldn’t choose for yourself, a
name intended to shame you or ridicule you, making you look small and pathetic in
the eyes of others? How did you feel? Names are important.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This takes us, not <i>too</i> tenuously (I hope), to today’s
reading from Acts and the council’s question, ‘By what power or by what name
did you do this?’ (4:7). The background to today’s reading and the council’s
question is the healing of a man born lame. This man, at least in his forties
(4:22), and who had never been able to walk, would sit outside the Jerusalem
temple and beg for money. But the disciples, Peter and John, didn’t give him
any money this time. Instead, Peter said, ‘I have no silver or gold, but what I
have I give you; in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, stand up and walk’ (3:6)
– and the man stood up, began to walk around, leap about, and praise God,
testing the legs that for so long had been mere attachments to his torso. I
don’t suppose the sight of someone jumping around the temple was especially
common, let alone of a man known for his inability to walk, and news of his
healing quickly filtered through to the authorities. The next day, Peter and
John and the previously lame man were standing – <i>standing!</i> – before the council
to explain what had happened.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What was this council? At this stage in the hi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">story of Judaism, i</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">t was a formal group comprised of Jewish
priests, lay leaders, and people trained to interpret the law of Moses. This is
a crude and inexact analogy – and I’m trying to make a comparison without being
snarky – but think of this council almost like a jury made from archbishops and
bishops, public-schooled politicians and gentry, and government advisors and
experts. This council was convened at short notice to ascertain precisely what
happened to the man born lame, and to see what threat there might be to the
beliefs and practices of Judaism; hence the question: ‘By what power or by what
name did you do this?’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Bible translation we use perhaps gives the impression that the
council simply wanted a chat with Peter and John and the man, but make no
mistake: this was an interrogation, a pre-trial hearing, all to determine
whether or not something sinister to Judaism was happening. I don’t know what
was going on in the minds of the council’s members as they cross-examined the
two disciples, but I can imagine that any member who was a Sadducee was feeling
threatened. The Sadducees denied the possibility of resurrection, and so seeing
a supposedly lame man jumping around the temple, and hearing Peter and John
ascribe this strange phenomenon to a man who had been crucified not too long
ago – well, I can imagine the Sadducees found themselves in the uncomfortable
position where reality challenges one’s theology. As for the priests and the
experts, maybe they were concerned about yet another challenge to their
authority, and perhaps their social power, too. But while individual priests
and experts in the law may have been corrupt or self-serving, we shouldn’t
forget the actual roles were sanctioned by the law of Moses and other ancient
texts, and many of the council’s members probably would have been jealous for
the God of their ancestors in the face of some new power. ‘By what power or by
what name did you do this?’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peter’s response is simple: ‘Let it be known to all of you, and to
all the people of Israel, that this man is standing before you in good health
by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom you crucified, whom God raised
from the dead.’ (4:10).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The power belongs to Jesus, the name is Jesus Christ of Nazareth –
or, better, the Messiah of Israel, who is Jesus from Nazareth. This name is
important: the name ‘Jesus’ means ‘God saves’ (Matt. 1:21) and names a person
recently crucified but who now, Peter says, but who now is raised from the
dead: alive, transformed, <i>resurrected</i>. What’s more, says Peter, the fact
that a previously lame man can now stand up and walk around and leap about is
evidence the man named Jesus from Nazareth is alive. The fact that a man who
once had never walked a single step in his life can now tear around the temple
like a six-year-old playing football in a park should prove to the council that
Jesus from Nazareth is alive and the Messiah of the God of Israel.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And lest the council be in any doubt: God’s Messiah has come, and
the Messiah’s name is Jesus. This name ‘Jesus’ is the name by which and through
which God makes God known to the world. The name ‘Jesus’ is the name given to
the only human who reveals exactly what God is like, exactly who God is, and we
can know this, says Peter, because Jesus had died and now lives his risen life
at the side of his Father in heaven. This name ‘Jesus’ is not merely important,
but <i>all</i>-important, because, as Peter concludes, ‘There is salvation in
no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among mortals by
which we must be saved.’ (4:12). Do not reject God or set yourself in
opposition to God any longer, says Peter, but <i>listen</i> to God’s voice as
spoken by the risen Jesus, and <i>know</i> God by the name of the person in
whom God is revealed: Jesus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Let’s move now, hopefully not <i>too</i> tenuously (again), to our Gospel
reading from John. Here, Jesus names himself as ‘the good shepherd’ (10:11).
Unlike bad shepherds (see Ezek. 34), unlike hired hands, the good shepherd is
concerned for and protects the sheep in his care, even to the point of giving
his life if necessary – though, of course, this would be rather extreme! I want
to home in on verses fourteen to sixteen in particular, because in these verses
are similar themes of listening to God and knowing God that I tried to draw out
a moment ago from Acts 4. If names are important, telling others who we are and
how we wish to be known, then what is Jesus saying by naming himself ‘the good
shepherd’? How might Jesus’s words here encourage us and challenge us in equal
measure? Here are some basic ideas to get us started.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKz-fCx61K45pfr8eKMqJuO_M5rJ29rlKASYLT-oim_AjjI5Il3w6ZdXPURbFdJidAKdLwyqvRUGjylOZszP4QNoWU3a2y-yEG3cPTiD5MpvFfrJQhd3gG2vOjOK3sv5jnEBDrFBr1HjU/s1000/shaun-the-sheep-paradise-country-post.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKz-fCx61K45pfr8eKMqJuO_M5rJ29rlKASYLT-oim_AjjI5Il3w6ZdXPURbFdJidAKdLwyqvRUGjylOZszP4QNoWU3a2y-yEG3cPTiD5MpvFfrJQhd3gG2vOjOK3sv5jnEBDrFBr1HjU/w400-h240/shaun-the-sheep-paradise-country-post.webp" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First of all, Jesus says here that he knows his sheep and his
sheep know him (10:14). This doesn’t really mean much more than the shepherd
knows which sheep belong to the flock in his charge, and that the sheep
recognise the shepherd as the one who is taking care of them. The encouragement
here is that Jesus knows you and that, if you are already a follower of Jesus,
you know him. The challenge here is not to follow any other shepherd. To
continue the shepherding imagery, there will always be other shepherds, other
people, who appear to have more food, more means of protection, more space to
grow, but who ultimately are bad shepherds. The good shepherd is Jesus Christ
of Nazareth, and there is no other name given under heaven by which we must be
saved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Second, when Jesus says he knows his sheep and his sheep know him,
he is not speaking merely of his awareness that the sheep exist, or that he
knows how large his flock is. In an earlier part of this chapter we didn’t read
today – thank you, lectionary! – Jesus says he calls his sheep by name (10:3):
he knows each and every sheep in his flock, and each and every one of his sheep
knows Jesus is their shepherd. And not only do the good shepherd and the sheep
know one another, but Jesus says this knowledge between them is ‘just as’ that
between Jesus and his Father (10:15). When Jesus says he knows his sheep and
his sheep know him, and when Jesus says he knows the Father and the Father
knows him, he presupposes a depth of knowledge and a level of intimacy that is
hard to put into words and, it seems, can only be conveyed through the Word
made flesh, that is, Jesus himself. And with this depth of knowledge and level
of intimacy comes the possibility of truly hearing the words of God spoken with
the voice of Jesus. The encouragement here is that this depth of knowledge and
level of intimacy with God in the name of Jesus is available for us all: Jesus
calls each of us by name. The challenge is to take the plunge and press on in
our discipleship, living out the intimacy of our life with Jesus in front of
everyone around us, just as Peter and John did.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Third, Jesus says he has ‘other sheep that do not belong to this
fold’ (10:16). In context, Jesus means people who hadn’t been born Jews, that
is, people from the nations who would hear and listen, really listen, to the
good shepherd’s voice. And in hearing Jesus’s voice, and by listening to his
words, these people would become part of the people of God for whom the
shepherd would lay down his life. Each of us here today who confesses Jesus as
Lord in some way has heard him call our name and responded in faith through the
Holy Spirit. We have but one shepherd, we are part of the good shepherd’s
flock, and we are drawn ever more deeply into the intimate relationship Jesus
has with his Father. The encouragement here is that we are well-placed to hear
what God is saying to the world and pass it on; we are well-placed to demonstrate
God’s love for the world by speaking and acting in the name of the risen Jesus.
The challenge, of course, is to admit we’d rather not.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">Names are important.
They tell others who we are and how we wish to be known. Our Bible readings
today from John 10 and Acts 4 show that God, too, has given us the name by
which God is known: Jesus Christ of Nazareth, the good shepherd who laid down
his life for the sheep, the good shepherd who took it up again as the Messiah
of Israel and saviour of the world. And because we know Jesus as both saviour
and shepherd, let’s listen to his voice and, by the Holy Spirit, do all we can
to encourage and challenge one another to follow wherever he, and he alone, leads.
There is, after all, no other name given under heaven by which we must be
saved.<br /></p>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-67441073763651389932021-04-12T13:46:00.003+01:002021-04-12T13:47:08.865+01:00Out Soon: Divine Agency and Divine Action, Volume 4<p class="MsoNormal">I am pleased to see that the fourth and final book in William
J. Abraham’s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/divine-agency-and-divine-action-volume-iv-9780198786535?q=william%20abraham&lang=en&cc=gb#" target="_blank"><i>Divine Agency and Divine Action</i></a> series is out soon – in
just over a month, if the publishing schedule remains true. Judging by the
contents page (see below), this is going to be an <i>excellent</i> book.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmBjZ0PlG5XuE1JW8GwAWdOmsTW0MhtNiQkNBU1vV_r45w06ML5KVcv3fT805BNj2lc7PLMI1QkUDqBc2t0uWdiCae06mLLBJHmxU7kwC9K5otGHC3UH3xZmhSgUmA9_HOIFZbKV_9H4/s741/Capture.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="741" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSmBjZ0PlG5XuE1JW8GwAWdOmsTW0MhtNiQkNBU1vV_r45w06ML5KVcv3fT805BNj2lc7PLMI1QkUDqBc2t0uWdiCae06mLLBJHmxU7kwC9K5otGHC3UH3xZmhSgUmA9_HOIFZbKV_9H4/w400-h399/Capture.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-56462213933316105012021-03-23T11:23:00.001+00:002021-03-23T11:24:59.285+00:00New Testament Manuscripts and Classical Literature: Comparing the Numbers<p class="MsoNormal">There are charts available online and presumably elsewhere comparing
the amount of New Testament manuscripts with certain other ancient texts (e.g.
Caesar’s <i>Gallic Wars</i>). The purpose of these charts is to emphasise the New
Testament’s trustworthiness: if we have no need to doubt the reliability of the
<i>Gallic Wars</i>, the reasoning goes, then certainly we should have no need
to question the New Testament, which is far better attested. The flip side of
this, of course, is that if we doubt the authenticity of the New Testament,
then we should doubt that of classical texts, too.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiURkMVohhudUf96NUTUj6n4j2Ri1XUba7w6fv_X90ljMYFp0b10BUTdZjtvVN8zBk-uIGBDOiZDH_TKAgj57hgBqiRDXdXPiiZ66Op1M-rmST7j1M_CtH1Nz-8yEg9mF68V5KyzH945JU/s718/Capture.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="472" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiURkMVohhudUf96NUTUj6n4j2Ri1XUba7w6fv_X90ljMYFp0b10BUTdZjtvVN8zBk-uIGBDOiZDH_TKAgj57hgBqiRDXdXPiiZ66Op1M-rmST7j1M_CtH1Nz-8yEg9mF68V5KyzH945JU/s320/Capture.JPG" /></a></div>The problem here is that while the logic appears sound, the data
used in the charts is often outdated. This means Christian educators and
apologists relying on this data are in fact relying on false data to prove a
point. In <a href="https://www.eden.co.uk/christian-books/bible-study/academic-bible-study/hermeneutics/myths-and-mistakes-in-new-testament-textual-criticism/" target="_blank"><i>Myths and Mistakes in New Testament Textual Criticism</i></a>, edited
by <a href="https://academic.tyndalehouse.com/tyndale/staff/staff/elijah-hixson" target="_blank">Elijah Hixson</a> and <a href="https://ps.edu/faculty-staff/peter-gurry-phd/" target="_blank">Peter J. Gurry</a> (Downers Grove, IL: IVP, 2019), <a href="https://augustineinstitute.academia.edu/JamesProthro" target="_blank">James B. Prothro</a> contributes a chapter (‘Myths about Classical Literature’, pp. 70–89) in
which he tackles how to compare the New Testament texts and classical
literature responsibly. I don’t want to go into Prothro’s chapter in detail
here—you should read his essay and the whole book if you can—but I do want to
produce my own chart comparing the numbers. And I want to do this partly so I
can have a quick reference point for my own occasional teaching, but also
because Prothro himself doesn’t tabulate the data. However, for his numbers,
Prothro appears to draw largely from <a href="https://www.equip.org/article/the-bibliographical-test-updated/" target="_blank">an article</a> by <a href="https://clayjones.net/" target="_blank">Clay Jones</a> which <i>does</i>
contain a chart.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p></p><p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The following table is essentially a version of Clay Jones’s
one but with minor amendments drawn from Prothro’s essay, pp. 75–78. It’s the
kind of chart that will need to be updated from time to time as new manuscript discoveries
are made. Please do leave a comment if you know of any numbers that need to be
taken into account here.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
table.MsoTableGridLight
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid Light";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:40;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:background1;
mso-border-themeshade:191;
mso-border-alt:solid #BFBFBF .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:background1;
mso-border-themeshade:191;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #BFBFBF;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:background1;
mso-border-insideh-themeshade:191;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #BFBFBF;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;
mso-border-insidev-themeshade:191;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
</style>
<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGridLight" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Author</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Work</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Date Written</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Earliest Manuscripts</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Time Gap (years)</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Number of Manuscripts</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Homer</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Iliad</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">800 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">c. 400 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">400</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">1,757</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Herodotus</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;">History</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">480–425 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 100–200 fragments</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">c. 600</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">109</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Plato</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">tetralogies</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">400 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">895</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">1,300</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">210</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Caesar</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Gallic Wars</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">100–44 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">9th century</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">950</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">251</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Livy</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">History of Rome</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">59 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc—ad</span> 17</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3cm;" width="113">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">early 5th
century</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">400</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" width="103">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">150</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Tacitus</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Annals</span></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 100</span></p>
</td>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1st half: 850; 2nd half: 1050</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">750–950</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2 + 31 (dated 15th century)</span></p>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-top: none; border: 1pt solid rgb(191, 191, 191); mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" width="121">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Thucydides</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></b></p>
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<td style="background: rgb(242, 219, 219) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-bottom: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor rgb(191, 191, 191) rgb(191, 191, 191) currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid #BFBFBF 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themeshade: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-themeshade: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themeshade: 191; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themeshade: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #BFBFBF .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themeshade: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78pt;" width="104">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">History</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></i></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">460–400 <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">3rd century <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">bc</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">200</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">96</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">New Testament</span></b></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 50–100</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> 130</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">40</span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5,795</span></p>
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Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-66121826547990693532021-03-13T09:37:00.005+00:002021-03-13T15:25:26.560+00:00John Polkinghorne (1930–2021): A Brief Tribute<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</xml><![endif]--><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" target="_blank"></a></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPn5SmvHT69DN0mR7Phde39XOSWv6CKRXNg3HkECtjk0z4HsHXKqdNjAKn4fP0QJFscdlhsAIwzJlHh77VO-jEY3unJftUWzvulyYbH3wQrZ5295cJhFLaloxCt-yaI46VFmdk64Bwxys/s960/800px-Johnpolkinghorne.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="By Jack1956, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2950826" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="800" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPn5SmvHT69DN0mR7Phde39XOSWv6CKRXNg3HkECtjk0z4HsHXKqdNjAKn4fP0QJFscdlhsAIwzJlHh77VO-jEY3unJftUWzvulyYbH3wQrZ5295cJhFLaloxCt-yaI46VFmdk64Bwxys/w201-h241/800px-Johnpolkinghorne.jpg" width="201" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" target="_blank">The Revd Professor John Polkinghorne</a>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">kbe</span>, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">frs</span>,
<a href="https://christiantoday.com/article/distinguished.christian.scientist.john.polkinghorne.dies.aged.90/136506.htm" target="_blank">has died at the age of 90</a>.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Of all the scientist-theologians to have written on divine
action in the past few decades—and let’s face it, there have been, and continue
to be, <i>many</i>—John Polkinghorne was the one whose work most resonated with
me. When I was doing my doctoral research and searching for people who had
issues with the concept of primary and secondary causation, I found Polkinghorne’s
work on the topic quite refreshing. He didn’t mince his words: double agency,
he observed, is ‘an unintelligible kind of theological doublespeak’ (<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Science-Christian-Belief-Theological-Reflections/dp/0281047146/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=science+and+christian+belief&qid=1615628005&sr=8-1" target="_blank"><i>Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-Up Thinker</i></a>
(London: SPCK, 1994), pp. 81–82). It’s the kind of statement I wish I had constructed
and had the courage and confidence to disseminate.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And of all the scientist-theologians to have contributed to
the broader science and religion dialogue in the past few decades, John
Polkinghorne was the one whom I thought was held captive least to scientific
frameworks, primacy, and pressures. It seems to me he was far more willing to
let Nicene orthodoxy dictate the terms of his theology than most of his peers.
This is most evident in <i>Science and Christian Belief</i>, from which the
above quotation about double agency is taken. That said, I didn’t agree with
everything Polkinghorne wrote, and you can see my critical appreciation of his take
on primary causation and informational causality in my chapter in <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/God_and_the_Scientist/sLOrt_syrZYC?hl=en&gbpv=1" target="_blank"><i>God and the Scientist</i></a>, edited by Fraser Watts and Christopher C. Knight (Farnham:
Ashgate, 2012).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Polkinghorne wrote extensively on eschatology and how the
natural sciences can enrich the more traditional descriptions of the age to
come. I conclude this brief tribute by quoting the final paragraph in <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Physicist-Priest-Revd-Professor-Polkinghorne/dp/0281059152/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1615628061&sr=8-1" target="_blank"><i>From Physicist to Priest: An Autobiography</i></a> (London: SPCK, 2007), p. 172:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">No one knows when or how their own life will end, but we all
know that death is ahead of us sometime. For a long while I have prayed regularly
that I may be given the grace to make a good death. For the Christian, it will
be the final act in this world of complete commitment into the hands of a
faithful God and merciful Saviour. I greatly value the words of a Charles
Wesley hymn that for me express perfectly how one should seek to think about
one’s death,</p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">Ready for all thy perfect will,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: left;">My acts of faith and love repeat,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">Till death thine endless mercies seal,</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: left;">And make the sacrifice complete.</p>
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span>Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1430311074920331065.post-82222608879769515072021-03-06T12:11:00.000+00:002021-03-06T12:11:02.026+00:00My Interview about Providence on the Logos Institute Podcast<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOwtej0Hj2sTC7KdVjvehg8LfJCD8gRLnosEIbDKtOqQa1Zu_3aJfCo7cakdrqNPeH4AxIR-6xoOiK_FoWpy8_l5KC_XQxsaxxSdhK9lRG6cY7FuLBLg92mYADgIFDpzYn5yJ9fbORBW8/s452/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="442" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOwtej0Hj2sTC7KdVjvehg8LfJCD8gRLnosEIbDKtOqQa1Zu_3aJfCo7cakdrqNPeH4AxIR-6xoOiK_FoWpy8_l5KC_XQxsaxxSdhK9lRG6cY7FuLBLg92mYADgIFDpzYn5yJ9fbORBW8/w196-h200/Capture.JPG" width="196" /></a></div>Last year, <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/people/jmbl1" target="_blank">Joanna Leidenhag</a> and <a href="https://logos.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/jonathan-rutledge/?_ga=2.264425292.2129221011.1528201886-435206597.1528201886" target="_blank">Jonathan Rutledge</a> of the
<a href="https://blogos.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/the-logos-institute/" target="_blank">Logos Institute</a> interviewed me about my recent Grove Book, <i><a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-2-three-questions-about-providence-how-when-and-why-does-god-act" target="_blank">Three Questions about Providence: How, When and Why Does God Act?</a></i> The <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/terry-j-wright-on-teleological-eschatological-divine/id1344924128?i=1000511743447" target="_blank">recording is now available</a> and you can<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>gasp</b> as you hear me sound like a proper academic
every so often;</li><li><b>drool</b> as I mention sweet and sour pork balls; and</li><li><b>despair</b> as I <i>um </i>and <i>er </i>my
way through the chat.</li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Seriously, the experience was an enjoyable one for me, and I
hope you enjoy listening to Joanna, Jonathan, and me. You can access the
podcast <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/terry-j-wright-on-teleological-eschatological-divine/id1344924128?i=1000511743447" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Joanna’s own Logos Institute interview on her recent Grove
Book (<a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-4-creation-and-ecology-why-the-doctrine-of-creation-ex-nihilo-matters-today" target="_blank"><i>Creation and Ecology</i></a>) can be found <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/joanna-leidenhag-on-creation-ex-nihilo-ecological-ethics/id1344924128?i=1000509561058" target="_blank">here</a>, and <a href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/theology.religion/staff/profile/?id=11676" target="_blank">Mike Higton</a>’s on <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank"><i>Why Doctrine Matters</i></a> <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mike-higton-on-why-doctrine-matters-grove-books-interviews/id1344924128?i=1000506750480" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlmeaA6-Qh68w855NavOyIZ9_flehxQZkpoOB9ZxQcS57bmEstQWG3P8VwtqA14Dl-Q3kF91QDMnIrlDOWjJpq3AdrRlEaizyVSixw1MUXtMlk4vsh6F82EPIHuKzC1nkTF_Jlj7FMs0/s229/D6_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlmeaA6-Qh68w855NavOyIZ9_flehxQZkpoOB9ZxQcS57bmEstQWG3P8VwtqA14Dl-Q3kF91QDMnIrlDOWjJpq3AdrRlEaizyVSixw1MUXtMlk4vsh6F82EPIHuKzC1nkTF_Jlj7FMs0/s0/D6_sm_cover_1024x1024.webp" /></a></div>Finally, while we’re on the subject of <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine" target="_blank">Grove Doctrine</a>, I’m
pleased to say that <a href="http://www.queens.ac.uk/people/academic/clive-marsh" target="_blank">Clive Marsh</a>’s book, <a href="https://grovebooks.co.uk/collections/doctrine/products/d-6-what-is-salvation-for-exploring-the-human-experience-of-god-s-saving-work" target="_blank"><i>What is Salvation For?</i></a>, is now
available here.<p></p>
Terry Wrighthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01641805384260706563noreply@blogger.com2